{"id":57051,"date":"2023-04-25T16:22:22","date_gmt":"2023-04-25T21:22:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/what-is-a-piezo-element\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:16:43","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:16:43","slug":"what-is-a-piezo-element","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/what-is-a-piezo-element\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky: princip, vyu\u017eit\u00ed a vlastnosti"},"content":{"rendered":"

Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev, objeven\u00fd v roce 1880 bratry Curie, je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a keramiky. Tyto materi\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 naz\u00fdv\u00e1me piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky, vykazuj\u00ed unik\u00e1tn\u00ed schopnost p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt mechanickou energii na energii elektrickou a naopak. Tento proces je zalo\u017een na deformaci krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky materi\u00e1lu v d\u016fsledku p\u016fsoben\u00ed mechanick\u00e9ho tlaku nebo nap\u011bt\u00ed, co\u017e vede k vzniku elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje, a obr\u00e1cen\u011b \u2013 aplikace elektrick\u00e9ho pole zp\u016fsobuje deformaci materi\u00e1lu. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se podrobn\u011bji pod\u00edv\u00e1me na princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed, vlastnosti a vyu\u017eit\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f<\/h3>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt je zalo\u017een na asymetrick\u00e9 struktu\u0159e krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky n\u011bkter\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Kdy\u017e je na tento materi\u00e1l aplikov\u00e1n mechanick\u00fd tlak, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k deformaci m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky, a t\u00edm i k posunu kladn\u00fdch a z\u00e1porn\u00fdch n\u00e1boj\u016f. Tento posun vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 pole a na povrchu materi\u00e1lu se objev\u00ed elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj. Naopak, aplikace elektrick\u00e9ho pole na materi\u00e1l zp\u016fsob\u00ed deformaci m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky a vede k mechanick\u00e9mu pohybu. Intenzita generovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje je p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 velikosti mechanick\u00e9 deformace, a naopak, velikost deformace je p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 intenzit\u011b aplikovan\u00e9ho elektrick\u00e9ho pole. Tento vztah je pops\u00e1n piezoelektrick\u00fdmi konstantami, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n

Druhy piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/h3>\n

Existuje \u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la materi\u00e1l\u016f vykazuj\u00edc\u00edch piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Materi\u00e1l<\/th>\nVlastnosti<\/th>\nAplikace<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
K\u0159emen (k\u0159emi\u010dit\u00fd SiO2)<\/td>\nVysok\u00e1 stabilita, n\u00edzk\u00e1 citlivost na teplotu<\/td>\nVysokop\u0159esn\u00e9 senzory, rezon\u00e1tory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Keramika (PZT)<\/td>\nVysok\u00e1 piezoelektrick\u00e1 konstanta, snadn\u00e1 v\u00fdroba<\/td>\nAk\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny, senzory, ultrazvukov\u00e9 p\u0159em\u011b\u0148ova\u010de<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Polymery (PVDF)<\/td>\nFlexibiln\u00ed, n\u00edzk\u00e1 hmotnost, n\u00edzk\u00e1 mechanick\u00e1 pevnost<\/td>\nSenzory, tenk\u00e9 vrstvy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Aplikace piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f<\/h3>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky nach\u00e1zej\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech techniky a v\u011bdy. Mezi nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n

    Ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory a p\u0159em\u011b\u0148ova\u010de:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed a detekci ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln, nap\u0159\u00edklad v l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed (ultrazvukov\u00e9 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed), pr\u016fmyslu (ultrazvukov\u00e1 defektoskopie) a dal\u0161\u00edch oblastech. Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed v ultrazvuku z\u00e1vis\u00ed na frekvenci, kter\u00e1 je generov\u00e1na a detekov\u00e1na. Vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro p\u0159esn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, zat\u00edmco n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00ed senzory se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro detekci v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch objekt\u016f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky mohou b\u00fdt pou\u017eity jako mal\u00e9 a p\u0159esn\u00e9 ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny pro polohov\u00e1n\u00ed, nastaven\u00ed a regulaci. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se nap\u0159\u00edklad v mikroskopii, optice a dal\u0161\u00edch aplikac\u00edch vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00edch vysokou p\u0159esnost.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Senzory tlaku a zrychlen\u00ed:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 senzory se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku, zrychlen\u00ed a vibrac\u00ed. Jsou cen\u011bny pro svou vysokou citlivost a rychlou odezvu.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zapalova\u010de:<\/strong> Klasick\u00e9 piezoelektrick\u00e9 zapalova\u010de vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt k generaci jiskry pro zap\u00e1len\u00ed plynu.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f<\/h3>\n

    V\u00fdhody:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Vysok\u00e1 citlivost<\/li>\n
    • Rychl\u00e1 odezva<\/li>\n
    • Kompaktn\u00ed rozm\u011bry<\/li>\n
    • Robustnost<\/li>\n
    • N\u00edzk\u00e1 spot\u0159eba energie (v re\u017eimu senzoru)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Nev\u00fdhody:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Omezen\u00e1 \u017eivotnost (v re\u017eimu ak\u010dn\u00edho \u010dlenu)<\/li>\n
      • Citlivost na teplotu a vlhkost<\/li>\n
      • Relativn\u011b vysok\u00e1 cena n\u011bkter\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st modern\u00ed techniky. Jejich schopnost p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt mechanickou energii na energii elektrickou a naopak umo\u017e\u0148uje \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu aplikac\u00ed, od l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u017e po p\u0159esn\u00e9 polohov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdvoj v oblasti piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f slibuje dal\u0161\u00ed inovace a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed v budoucnu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev, objeven\u00fd v roce 1880 bratry Curie, je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a keramiky. Tyto materi\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 naz\u00fdv\u00e1me piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky, vykazuj\u00ed unik\u00e1tn\u00ed schopnost p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt mechanickou energii na energii elektrickou a naopak. Tento proces je zalo\u017een na deformaci krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky materi\u00e1lu v d\u016fsledku p\u016fsoben\u00ed mechanick\u00e9ho tlaku nebo nap\u011bt\u00ed, co\u017e vede k vzniku elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23767,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-57051","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57051","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57051"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57051\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23767"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57051"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=57051"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=57051"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}