{"id":57231,"date":"2023-04-25T14:50:31","date_gmt":"2023-04-25T19:50:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/what-is-piezo-transducer\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:17:15","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:17:15","slug":"what-is-piezo-transducer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/what-is-piezo-transducer\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezoelektrick\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d: princip, pou\u017eit\u00ed a typy"},"content":{"rendered":"

Piezoelektrick\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b piezo sn\u00edma\u010d, je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 piezoelektrick\u00fd jev k p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b mechanick\u00e9 energie na energii elektrickou a naopak. Tento jev, objeven\u00fd v roce 1880 bratry Curie, spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve schopnosti n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f generovat elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v reakci na mechanick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed (tlak, tah, vibrace) a naopak, m\u011bnit sv\u016fj tvar v reakci na aplikovan\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 pole. D\u00edky t\u00e9to unik\u00e1tn\u00ed vlastnosti nach\u00e1zej\u00ed piezo sn\u00edma\u010de \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech v\u011bdy a techniky.<\/p>\n

Princip funkce piezoelektrick\u00e9ho sn\u00edma\u010de<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt je zalo\u017een na asymetrick\u00e9 struktu\u0159e krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky n\u011bkter\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad k\u0159emene, turmal\u00ednu, nebo syntetick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd (BaTiO\u2083) a zirkon\u00e1t olovnat\u00fd titani\u010ditan\u00fd (PZT). Kdy\u017e je takov\u00fd materi\u00e1l vystaven mechanick\u00e9mu nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k deformaci jeho krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky, co\u017e vede k posunu n\u00e1boj\u016f a vzniku elektrick\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed na jeho povrchu. Naopak, p\u0159i aplikaci elektrick\u00e9ho pole se krystalov\u00e1 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eka deformuje a materi\u00e1l se mechanicky rozp\u00edn\u00e1 nebo smr\u0161\u0165uje. Tato obousm\u011brn\u00e1 p\u0159em\u011bna energie je z\u00e1kladem fungov\u00e1n\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f. Intenzita generovan\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 velikosti mechanick\u00e9ho nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Druhy piezoelektrick\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f<\/p>\n

Piezo sn\u00edma\u010de se vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch konfigurac\u00edch a velikostech, v z\u00e1vislosti na zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9m pou\u017eit\u00ed. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed je dle typu m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 veli\u010diny:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Typ sn\u00edma\u010de<\/th>\nM\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 veli\u010dina<\/th>\nTypick\u00fd materi\u00e1l<\/th>\nAplikace<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Tlakov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d<\/td>\nTlak<\/td>\nPZT<\/td>\nM\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku v pneumatik\u00e1ch, hydraulick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zrychlom\u011br<\/td>\nZrychlen\u00ed<\/td>\nPZT<\/td>\nM\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vibrac\u00ed, ot\u0159es\u016f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mikrofon<\/td>\nZvukov\u00e9 vlny<\/td>\nPZT<\/td>\nZ\u00e1znam zvuku, ultrazvukov\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ultrazvukov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d<\/td>\nUltrazvukov\u00e9 vlny<\/td>\nPZT<\/td>\nUltrazvukov\u00e9 \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti, l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody piezoelektrick\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f<\/p>\n

Piezo sn\u00edma\u010de nab\u00edzej\u00ed \u0159adu v\u00fdhod oproti jin\u00fdm typ\u016fm sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f: vysok\u00e1 citlivost, \u0161irok\u00fd frekven\u010dn\u00ed rozsah, kompaktn\u00ed rozm\u011bry, robustnost a dlouh\u00e1 \u017eivotnost. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, existuj\u00ed i \u200b\u200bn\u011bkter\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody: n\u00e1chylnost k teplotn\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m, nelinearita p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed a omezen\u00e1 dynamika.<\/p>\n

Aplikace piezoelektrick\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de nach\u00e1zej\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech, nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku:<\/strong> v pneumatik\u00e1ch, hydraulick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech, meteorologii.<\/li>\n
  • M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed zrychlen\u00ed a vibrac\u00ed:<\/strong> v automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu, letectv\u00ed, seismologii.<\/li>\n
  • Ultrazvukov\u00e9 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong> v medic\u00edn\u011b (ultrazvukov\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed), pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 kontrole (detekce vad).<\/li>\n
  • Ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny:<\/strong> v inkoustov\u00fdch tisk\u00e1rn\u00e1ch, piezoelektrick\u00fdch zapalova\u010d\u00edch.<\/li>\n
  • Gener\u00e1tory energie:<\/strong> z vibrac\u00ed (nap\u0159. v energeticky \u00fasporn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Kalibrace a \u00fadr\u017eba piezoelektrick\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f<\/p>\n

    Pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159esnosti m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed je nutn\u00e1 pravideln\u00e1 kalibrace piezoelektrick\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f. Kalibrace se prov\u00e1d\u00ed porovn\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00fdstupn\u00edho sign\u00e1lu sn\u00edma\u010de s referen\u010dn\u00edm standardem. \u00dadr\u017eba spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v ochran\u011b sn\u00edma\u010de p\u0159ed mechanick\u00fdm po\u0161kozen\u00edm, vlhkost\u00ed a extr\u00e9mn\u00edmi teplotami.<\/p>\n

    Piezoelektrick\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de jsou vysoce univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed a spolehliv\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem aplikac\u00ed. D\u00edky sv\u00e9 kompaktnosti, citlivosti a rychl\u00e9 odezv\u011b nach\u00e1zej\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v modern\u00ed technice a v\u011bdeck\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu. Pokrok v materi\u00e1lov\u00fdch v\u011bd\u00e1ch a technologii v\u00fdroby vede k neust\u00e1l\u00e9mu zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f a roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich mo\u017enost\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Piezoelektrick\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b piezo sn\u00edma\u010d, je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 piezoelektrick\u00fd jev k p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b mechanick\u00e9 energie na energii elektrickou a naopak. Tento jev, objeven\u00fd v roce 1880 bratry Curie, spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve schopnosti n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f generovat elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v reakci na mechanick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed (tlak, tah, vibrace) a naopak, m\u011bnit sv\u016fj tvar v reakci na aplikovan\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24653,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-57231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57231","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57231"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57231\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24653"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57231"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=57231"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=57231"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}