{"id":57676,"date":"2023-04-22T03:01:45","date_gmt":"2023-04-22T08:01:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-to-make-a-sonar-device\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:09:23","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:09:23","slug":"how-to-make-a-sonar-device","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-to-make-a-sonar-device\/","title":{"rendered":"Sestavte si vlastn\u00ed sonarovou jednotku: Podrobn\u00fd n\u00e1vod"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Sonar, v p\u0159ekladu zvukov\u00e9 naviga\u010dn\u00ed a m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, nen\u00ed jen dom\u00e9nou ponorek a velk\u00fdch lod\u00ed. Jeho principy je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt i pro konstrukci men\u0161\u00edch, dokonce i dom\u00e1c\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.  Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na to, jak si takov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vyrobit.  Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed zvukov\u00fdch vln a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu jejich n\u00e1vratu po odrazu od p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky.  Z t\u00e9to doby a rychlosti zvuku v dan\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed je pak mo\u017en\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edtat vzd\u00e1lenost k p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ece.<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed komponenty sonaru<\/h3>\n<p>K sestaven\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edho sonaru budete pot\u0159ebovat n\u011bkolik kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch komponent:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ultrazvukov\u00fd vys\u00edla\u010d:<\/strong>  Tento komponent generuje ultrazvukov\u00e9 impulzy, kter\u00e9 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed do okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.  K dispozici jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy, od jednoduch\u00fdch piezoelektrick\u00fdch m\u011bni\u010d\u016f po sofistikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obvody.  Kvalita vys\u00edla\u010de ovlivn\u00ed dosah a p\u0159esnost sonaru.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ultrazvukov\u00fd p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010d:<\/strong>  Tento komponent detekuje odra\u017een\u00e9 ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlny.  \u010casto se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stejn\u00fd typ piezoelektrick\u00e9ho m\u011bni\u010de jako u vys\u00edla\u010de, ale s odli\u0161n\u00fdm zapojen\u00edm.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mikro\u0159adi\u010d:<\/strong>  Mikro\u0159adi\u010d \u0159\u00edd\u00ed vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edjem sign\u00e1l\u016f, m\u011b\u0159\u00ed \u010dasov\u00fd interval mezi vysl\u00e1n\u00edm a p\u0159\u00edjmem a zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 data.  Popul\u00e1rn\u00ed volbou je Arduino, d\u00edky snadn\u00e9mu programov\u00e1n\u00ed a dostupnosti podpory.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nap\u00e1jen\u00ed:<\/strong>  Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed pro cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Nap\u011bt\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na pou\u017eit\u00fdch komponentech.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zobrazovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed:<\/strong>  Pro zobrazen\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch dat, typicky LCD displej nebo po\u010d\u00edta\u010d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Volba frekvence a typ piezoelektrick\u00e9ho m\u011bni\u010de<\/h3>\n<p>Frekvence ultrazvuku ovliv\u0148uje dosah a rozli\u0161en\u00ed sonaru. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed frekvence maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed dosah, ale ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed rozli\u0161en\u00ed.  Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed frekvence maj\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed dosah, ale vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rozli\u0161en\u00ed.  Typick\u00fd rozsah pro dom\u00e1c\u00ed sonar je 40 kHz \u2013 100 kHz.  Volba piezoelektrick\u00e9ho m\u011bni\u010de z\u00e1vis\u00ed na po\u017eadovan\u00e9 frekvenci a v\u00fdkonu.  Pro jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed projekty posta\u010d\u00ed levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de.<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Frekvence (kHz)<\/th>\n<th>Dosah (m)<\/th>\n<th>Rozli\u0161en\u00ed (cm)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>10+<\/td>\n<td>10+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>80<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Programov\u00e1n\u00ed mikro\u0159adi\u010de<\/h3>\n<p>Programov\u00e1n\u00ed mikro\u0159adi\u010de je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm krokem p\u0159i konstrukci sonaru.  Program by m\u011bl \u0159\u00eddit vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00fdch impulz\u016f, m\u011b\u0159it \u010das n\u00e1vratu sign\u00e1lu a p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd \u010das na vzd\u00e1lenost.  K tomu je pot\u0159eba zn\u00e1t rychlost zvuku v dan\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed (ve vod\u011b je rychlost zvuku p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1500 m\/s, ve vzduchu cca 340 m\/s).  Arduino IDE nab\u00edz\u00ed snadn\u00fd zp\u016fsob programov\u00e1n\u00ed a existuje mnoho online p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f k\u00f3du pro sonarov\u00e9 aplikace.<\/p>\n<h3>Konstrukce a mont\u00e1\u017e<\/h3>\n<p>Po v\u00fdb\u011bru a zakoupen\u00ed v\u0161ech komponent je nezbytn\u00e9 pe\u010dliv\u011b prov\u00e9st mont\u00e1\u017e.  Vys\u00edla\u010d a p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010d by m\u011bly b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bny co nejbl\u00ed\u017ee u sebe, aby se minimalizovala chyba m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.  Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zajistit dobrou izolaci a chr\u00e1nit komponenty p\u0159ed vlhkost\u00ed.  Pro vodn\u00ed sonar je nutn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt vodot\u011bsn\u00e9 pouzdro.<\/p>\n<h3>Kalibrace a testov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Po sestaven\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 sonar kalibrovat.  To zahrnuje p\u0159esn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed rychlosti zvuku v dan\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed a \u00fapravu programu dle pot\u0159eby.  Kalibrace se prov\u00e1d\u00ed pomoc\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fdch vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed a porovn\u00e1n\u00edm nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch hodnot s o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdmi hodnotami.  D\u016fkladn\u00e9 testov\u00e1n\u00ed je nezbytn\u00e9 pro ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed funk\u010dnosti a p\u0159esnosti sonaru.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee konstrukce dom\u00e1c\u00edho sonaru je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd, ale uskute\u010dniteln\u00fd projekt.  Spr\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br komponent, pe\u010dliv\u00e1 mont\u00e1\u017e a d\u016fkladn\u00e9 testov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro \u00fasp\u011bch.  S trochou trp\u011blivosti a technick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed si m\u016f\u017eete postavit vlastn\u00ed sonarov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a prozkoumat fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011bt pod hladinou nebo v jin\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sonar, v p\u0159ekladu zvukov\u00e9 naviga\u010dn\u00ed a m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, nen\u00ed jen dom\u00e9nou ponorek a velk\u00fdch lod\u00ed. Jeho principy je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt i pro konstrukci men\u0161\u00edch, dokonce i dom\u00e1c\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na to, jak si takov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vyrobit. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed zvukov\u00fdch vln a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu jejich n\u00e1vratu po odrazu od<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26939,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-57676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57676","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57676"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57676\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26939"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=57676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=57676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}