{"id":57691,"date":"2023-04-22T03:01:16","date_gmt":"2023-04-22T08:01:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-to-make-an-ultrasonic-sensor\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:09:38","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:09:38","slug":"how-to-make-an-ultrasonic-sensor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-to-make-an-ultrasonic-sensor\/","title":{"rendered":"Ultrazvukov\u00fd senzor: N\u00e1vod na vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdrobu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory se staly ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha modern\u00edch aplikac\u00ed, od parkovac\u00edch senzor\u016f v automobilech a\u017e po robotick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 automatizace. Znalost jejich principu a konstrukce je proto st\u00e1le d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na to, jak si takov\u00fd senzor vyrobit.<\/p>\n

Princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru<\/p>\n

Ultrazvukov\u00fd senzor funguje na principu vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edjmu ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln. Senzor nejprve vys\u00edl\u00e1 kr\u00e1tk\u00fd impuls ultrazvuku o frekvenci typicky v rozsahu 20 kHz a\u017e 40 kHz, kter\u00fd se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed prostorem. Kdy\u017e vlna naraz\u00ed na p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku, odraz\u00ed se zp\u011bt k senzoru. Senzor pak m\u011b\u0159\u00ed \u010das, kter\u00fd uplynul mezi vysl\u00e1n\u00edm impulsu a p\u0159\u00edjmem odra\u017een\u00e9 vlny. Z tohoto \u010dasov\u00e9ho intervalu a zn\u00e1m\u00e9 rychlosti zvuku ve vzduchu lze n\u00e1sledn\u011b vypo\u010d\u00edtat vzd\u00e1lenost k p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ece.<\/p>\n

Komponenty pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k v\u00fdrob\u011b ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru<\/p>\n

K v\u00fdrob\u011b jednoduch\u00e9ho ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru budete pot\u0159ebovat n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed komponenty:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Komponent<\/th>\nPopis<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Ultrazvukov\u00fd transduktor (vys\u00edla\u010d\/p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010d)<\/td>\nP\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly na ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlny a naopak. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vybrat transduktor s vhodnou frekvenc\u00ed a citlivost\u00ed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mikro\u0159adi\u010d (nap\u0159. Arduino)<\/td>\nZpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 sign\u00e1ly z transduktoru a \u0159\u00edd\u00ed celou elektroniku.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nap\u00e1jec\u00ed zdroj<\/td>\nPoskytuje energii pro cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Obvody pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1l\u016f<\/td>\nNap\u0159\u00edklad opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010de pro zes\u00edlen\u00ed sign\u00e1lu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zapojen\u00ed<\/td>\nSpojovac\u00ed dr\u00e1ty, deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f (PCB) nebo rozvad\u011b\u010d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Elektronick\u00e9 zapojen\u00ed<\/p>\n

Zapojen\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru z\u00e1vis\u00ed na zvolen\u00e9m mikro\u0159adi\u010di a typech pou\u017eit\u00fdch komponent. Mikro\u0159adi\u010d je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za generov\u00e1n\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch impuls\u016f pro vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed doby p\u0159\u00edjmu odra\u017een\u00fdch vln. Opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010de se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro zes\u00edlen\u00ed slab\u00fdch p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f. P\u0159esn\u00e9 zapojen\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 navrhnout podle zvolen\u00fdch komponent a dostupn\u00e9 dokumentace.<\/p>\n

Kalibrace a testov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n

Po sestaven\u00ed senzoru je nutn\u00e1 jeho kalibrace. To zahrnuje ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159esnosti m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti. Kalibrace se prov\u00e1d\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm vzd\u00e1lenosti k objekt\u016fm o zn\u00e1m\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm nastaven\u00edm parametr\u016f v programu \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edm mikro\u0159adi\u010d. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm faktorem je tak\u00e9 \u00fahel dopadu ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln na p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku. \u0160ikm\u00fd dopad m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k nep\u0159esn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Omezen\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00fdch senzor\u016f<\/p>\n

Ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory maj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e1 omezen\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad jejich p\u0159esnost m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bna teplotou, vlhkost\u00ed vzduchu a materi\u00e1lem p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky. Tak\u00e9 nemohou detekovat transparentn\u00ed objekty nebo objekty s velmi m\u011bkk\u00fdm povrchem.<\/p>\n

Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00edho ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru vy\u017eaduje pochopen\u00ed jeho principu fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a pe\u010dlivou pr\u00e1ci s elektronikou. Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 volba komponent a pe\u010dliv\u00e1 kalibrace jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro dosa\u017een\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. I p\u0159es n\u011bkter\u00e1 omezen\u00ed je to relativn\u011b dostupn\u00e1 a efektivn\u00ed technologie s \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem vyu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory se staly ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha modern\u00edch aplikac\u00ed, od parkovac\u00edch senzor\u016f v automobilech a\u017e po robotick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 automatizace. Znalost jejich principu a konstrukce je proto st\u00e1le d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na to, jak si takov\u00fd senzor vyrobit. Princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru Ultrazvukov\u00fd senzor funguje na principu vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edjmu ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26465,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-57691","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57691","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57691"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57691\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57691"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=57691"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=57691"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}