{"id":59182,"date":"2023-04-22T00:09:19","date_gmt":"2023-04-22T05:09:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-to-make-ultrasonic-sensor\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:11:29","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:11:29","slug":"how-to-make-ultrasonic-sensor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-to-make-ultrasonic-sensor\/","title":{"rendered":"DIY ultrazvukov\u00fd senzor: Podrobn\u00fd n\u00e1vod"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory se staly ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha modern\u00edch aplikac\u00ed, od parkovac\u00edch senzor\u016f v automobilech a\u017e po robotick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my a automatizaci pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch proces\u016f.  Princip jejich fungov\u00e1n\u00ed je zalo\u017een na vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9m p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln, kter\u00e9 se odraz\u00ed od p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky.  Z \u010dasu, kter\u00fd vlna pot\u0159ebuje k n\u00e1vratu, lze vypo\u010d\u00edtat vzd\u00e1lenost k p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ece.  Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na to, jak si takov\u00fd senzor vyrobit.  Je nutn\u00e9 podotknout, \u017ee v\u00fdroba profesion\u00e1ln\u00edho senzora vy\u017eaduje zna\u010dn\u00e9 znalosti elektroniky a m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed techniky.  Tento n\u00e1vod slou\u017e\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e jako ilustrace principu a pro z\u00e1kladn\u00ed experimenty.<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed komponenty ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru<\/h3>\n<p>Pro v\u00fdrobu jednoduch\u00e9ho ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru budete pot\u0159ebovat n\u011bkolik z\u00e1kladn\u00edch komponent:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ultrazvukov\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d (transducer):<\/strong>  Tento prvek vys\u00edl\u00e1 a p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlny.  Existuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy m\u011bni\u010d\u016f s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi frekvencemi a charakteristikami.  Pro jednoduch\u00fd senzor je vhodn\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d s frekvenc\u00ed v rozsahu 40 kHz.  Specifikace m\u011bni\u010de, jako je citlivost a \u00fahel vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, ovlivn\u00ed dosah a p\u0159esnost senzoru.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mikrokontrol\u00e9r (nap\u0159. Arduino):<\/strong>  Mikrokontrol\u00e9r bude \u0159\u00eddit vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edjem sign\u00e1lu a zpracov\u00e1vat nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 data.  Zvol\u00edte-li Arduino, nab\u00edz\u00ed \u0161irokou podporu knihoven a tutori\u00e1l\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nap\u00e1jec\u00ed zdroj:<\/strong>  Zvolte stabiln\u00ed nap\u00e1jec\u00ed zdroj, kter\u00fd odpov\u00edd\u00e1 nap\u00e1jec\u00edm po\u017eadavk\u016fm mikrokontrol\u00e9ru a m\u011bni\u010de.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rezistory a kondenz\u00e1tory:<\/strong>  Tyto sou\u010d\u00e1stky jsou nezbytn\u00e9 pro spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 nap\u00e1jen\u00ed a tvarov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Propojovac\u00ed vodi\u010de:<\/strong>  Propojen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch komponent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Komponent<\/th>\n<th>Funkce<\/th>\n<th>Typick\u00e1 hodnota\/Specifikace<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Ultrazvukov\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d<\/td>\n<td>Vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edjem ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln<\/td>\n<td>40kHz, piezoelektrick\u00fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mikrokontrol\u00e9r<\/td>\n<td>\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat<\/td>\n<td>Arduino Uno, Nano, atd.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nap\u00e1jec\u00ed zdroj<\/td>\n<td>Nap\u00e1jen\u00ed syst\u00e9mu<\/td>\n<td>5V DC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rezistory<\/td>\n<td>Omezen\u00ed proudu<\/td>\n<td>Hodnoty dle sch\u00e9matu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kondenz\u00e1tory<\/td>\n<td>Filtrace a tvarov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu<\/td>\n<td>Hodnoty dle sch\u00e9matu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Zapojen\u00ed obvodu<\/h3>\n<p>Zapojen\u00ed obvodu je pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00e9.  Ultrazvukov\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d je p\u0159ipojen k mikrokontrol\u00e9ru p\u0159es vhodn\u00e9 rezistory a kondenz\u00e1tory.  P\u0159esn\u00e9 hodnoty sou\u010d\u00e1stek z\u00e1vis\u00ed na pou\u017eit\u00e9m m\u011bni\u010di a mikrokontrol\u00e9ru.  Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 dodr\u017eet spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zapojen\u00ed polarity m\u011bni\u010de.  Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zapojen\u00ed je nejl\u00e9pe zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno sch\u00e9matick\u00fdm diagramem, kter\u00fd by m\u011bl b\u00fdt sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho detailn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho n\u00e1vodu.<\/p>\n<h3>Programov\u00e1n\u00ed mikrokontrol\u00e9ru<\/h3>\n<p>Programov\u00e1n\u00ed mikrokontrol\u00e9ru zahrnuje vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch ultrazvukov\u00fdch impuls\u016f a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed doby, ne\u017e se vr\u00e1t\u00ed odra\u017een\u00fd sign\u00e1l.  Z t\u00e9to doby se vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 vzd\u00e1lenost k p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ece.  Pro v\u00fdpo\u010det se pou\u017eije rychlost zvuku ve vzduchu, kter\u00e1 se li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na teplot\u011b a vlhkosti.  Mnoho knihoven pro Arduino zjednodu\u0161uje tento proces.<\/p>\n<h3>Kalibrace a testov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Po sestaven\u00ed a naprogramov\u00e1n\u00ed senzoru je nutn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st kalibraci.  To zahrnuje nastaven\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho \u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed impuls\u016f a kompenzaci chyb m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.  Testov\u00e1n\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm vzd\u00e1lenosti k r\u016fzn\u00fdm objekt\u016fm a porovn\u00e1n\u00edm s referen\u010dn\u00edmi hodnotami.  P\u0159esnost m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ovliv\u0148uje mnoho faktor\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b odrazov\u00e9 schopnosti povrchu objektu, ru\u0161en\u00ed a okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Omezen\u00ed a \u00faskal\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00fdroba vlastn\u00edho ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru m\u00e1 sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed.  Dosah a p\u0159esnost senzoru bude pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch senzor\u016f od firem jako je Beijing Ultrasonic.  M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bno ru\u0161en\u00edm, teplotou, vlhkost\u00ed a typem povrchu.  Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee tento n\u00e1vod slou\u017e\u00ed pouze jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u00favod a pro pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00ed aplikace je nutn\u00e9 hlub\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed elektroniky a programov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdroba vlastn\u00edho ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u010dnou a z\u00e1bavnou zku\u0161enost\u00ed.  I kdy\u017e nemus\u00ed dosahovat v\u00fdkonu komer\u010dn\u00edch senzor\u016f, poskytuje cenn\u00e9 znalosti o principu fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a umo\u017e\u0148uje experimentovat s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi parametry a konfiguracemi.  S trochou trp\u011blivosti a technick\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed lze dos\u00e1hnout funk\u010dn\u00edho prototypu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory se staly ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha modern\u00edch aplikac\u00ed, od parkovac\u00edch senzor\u016f v automobilech a\u017e po robotick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my a automatizaci pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch proces\u016f. Princip jejich fungov\u00e1n\u00ed je zalo\u017een na vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9m p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln, kter\u00e9 se odraz\u00ed od p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky. Z \u010dasu, kter\u00fd vlna pot\u0159ebuje k n\u00e1vratu, lze vypo\u010d\u00edtat vzd\u00e1lenost k p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ece. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26465,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59182","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59182","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59182"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59182\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59182"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59182"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59182"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}