{"id":59232,"date":"2023-04-22T00:04:15","date_gmt":"2023-04-22T05:04:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-to-make-renewable-diesel\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:11:21","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:11:21","slug":"how-to-make-renewable-diesel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-to-make-renewable-diesel\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdroba obnoviteln\u00e9 nafty: Kompletn\u00ed pr\u016fvodce"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Obnoviteln\u00e1 nafta je palivo vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 z obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, jako jsou rostlinn\u00e9 oleje, \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 tuky a pou\u017eit\u00e9 kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9 oleje.  Na rozd\u00edl od fosiln\u00ed nafty m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed uhl\u00edkovou stopu a p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k ochran\u011b \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.  Jej\u00ed v\u00fdroba se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z n\u011bkolika kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch krok\u016f, kter\u00e9 podrobn\u011bji pop\u00ed\u0161eme v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edprava surovin<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdroba obnoviteln\u00e9 nafty za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 sb\u011brem a zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm surovin.  Mezi nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed suroviny pat\u0159\u00ed rostlinn\u00e9 oleje (nap\u0159. \u0159epkov\u00fd, s\u00f3jov\u00fd), \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 tuky a pou\u017eit\u00e9 kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9 oleje.  Tyto suroviny se nejprve \u010dist\u00ed a zbavuj\u00ed ne\u010distot, jako jsou zbytky potravin nebo voda.  D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 filtrace, aby se odstranily pevn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice, kter\u00e9 by mohly po\u0161kodit n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 procesy.  Kvalita surovin m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na kvalitu a vlastnosti v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 obnoviteln\u00e9 nafty.<\/p>\n<p>Transesterifikace<\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm procesem p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b obnoviteln\u00e9 nafty je transesterifikace.  Jedn\u00e1 se o chemickou reakci, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 se triglyceridy v surovin\u011b (oleje a tuky) rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed na mastn\u00e9 kyseliny methyl-estery (FAME \u2013 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters), kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00ed slo\u017eku biodieselu. Katalyz\u00e1tor, obvykle hydroxid sodn\u00fd (NaOH) nebo hydroxid draseln\u00fd (KOH), urychluje tuto reakci.  Reakce prob\u00edh\u00e1 za specifick\u00fdch teplot a tlak\u016f.<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Parametr<\/th>\n<th>Hodnota<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Teplota<\/td>\n<td>50-60 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tlak<\/td>\n<td>Atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Doba reakce<\/td>\n<td>1-2 hodiny<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pom\u011br methanol\/olej<\/td>\n<td>6:1 (mol\u00e1rn\u00ed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Separ\u00e1cia a \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/p>\n<p>Po transesterifikaci je nutn\u00e9 odd\u011blit vznikl\u00e9 FAME od glycerolu, kter\u00fd je vedlej\u0161\u00edm produktem reakce.  To se prov\u00e1d\u00ed pomoc\u00ed sedimentace nebo centrifugaci.  V\u00fdsledn\u00fd biodiesel se pak d\u00e1le \u010dist\u00ed, aby se odstranily zbytky glycerolu, methanolu a katalyz\u00e1toru.  \u010ci\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee zahrnovat pran\u00ed vodou, su\u0161en\u00ed a filtraci.<\/p>\n<p>Hydrol\u00fdza a hydrokrakov\u00e1n\u00ed (pokro\u010dil\u00e9 metody)<\/p>\n<p>Pro v\u00fdrobu pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00ed obnoviteln\u00e9 nafty, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 vlastnosti srovnateln\u00e9 s fosiln\u00ed naftou, se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed procesy hydrol\u00fdzy a hydrokrakov\u00e1n\u00ed.  Hydrol\u00fdza rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 triglyceridy na mastn\u00e9 kyseliny a glycerol.  Hydrokrakov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed mastn\u00e9 kyseliny na uhlovod\u00edky s po\u017eadovanou d\u00e9lkou \u0159et\u011bzce a strukturou, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se dos\u00e1hne lep\u0161\u00edho spalov\u00e1n\u00ed a ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch emis\u00ed.  Tyto procesy vy\u017eaduj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teploty a tlaky a specializovan\u00e9 katalyz\u00e1tory.<\/p>\n<p>Kontrola kvality<\/p>\n<p>Kvalita vyroben\u00e9 obnoviteln\u00e9 nafty se kontroluje podle p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdch standard\u016f.  D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 parametry zahrnuj\u00ed viskozitu, bod vzplanut\u00ed, obsah s\u00edry a dal\u0161\u00ed.  Dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto standard\u016f je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho a efektivn\u00edho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed paliva.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011brem, v\u00fdroba obnoviteln\u00e9 nafty je komplexn\u00ed proces zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed n\u011bkolik krok\u016f od p\u0159\u00edpravy surovin p\u0159es chemick\u00e9 reakce a\u017e po kontrolu kvality.  Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f a pokro\u010dil\u00fdch technologi\u00ed sni\u017euje uhl\u00edkovou stopu a p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k udr\u017eiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu energetick\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu.  V\u00fdzkum a v\u00fdvoj v t\u00e9to oblasti neust\u00e1le pokra\u010duj\u00ed a otev\u00edraj\u00ed se nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed efektivity a vyu\u017eit\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch surovin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Obnoviteln\u00e1 nafta je palivo vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 z obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, jako jsou rostlinn\u00e9 oleje, \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 tuky a pou\u017eit\u00e9 kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9 oleje. Na rozd\u00edl od fosiln\u00ed nafty m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed uhl\u00edkovou stopu a p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k ochran\u011b \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Jej\u00ed v\u00fdroba se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z n\u011bkolika kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch krok\u016f, kter\u00e9 podrobn\u011bji pop\u00ed\u0161eme v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. Z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edprava surovin V\u00fdroba obnoviteln\u00e9 nafty<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26458,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59232","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59232","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59232"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59232\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26458"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59232"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59232"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59232"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}