{"id":59362,"date":"2023-04-21T23:51:05","date_gmt":"2023-04-22T04:51:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-to-make-homemade-ultrasonic-sensor\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:10:57","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:10:57","slug":"how-to-make-homemade-ultrasonic-sensor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-to-make-homemade-ultrasonic-sensor\/","title":{"rendered":"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00fd senzor: N\u00e1vod krok za krokem"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory nach\u00e1zej\u00ed st\u00e1le \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech, od automobilov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu p\u0159es robotiku a\u017e po dom\u00e1c\u00ed automatizaci. N\u00e1kup hotov\u00e9ho senzoru je sice snadn\u00fd, ale s trochou zru\u010dnosti a vhodn\u00fdch komponent\u016f si m\u016f\u017eete podobn\u00fd senzor vyrobit i doma. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek podrobn\u011b popisuje, jak na to.<\/p>\n

Pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 komponenty<\/h3>\n

Pro konstrukci vlastn\u00edho ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru budete pot\u0159ebovat n\u011bkolik z\u00e1kladn\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1stek. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je ultrazvukov\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d (transducer), kter\u00fd bude vys\u00edlat a p\u0159ij\u00edmat ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlny. D\u00e1le budete pot\u0159ebovat mikro\u0159adi\u010d (nap\u0159. Arduino), kter\u00fd bude \u0159\u00eddit proces m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1vat nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 data. K tomu budete pot\u0159ebovat n\u011bkolik rezistor\u016f, kondenz\u00e1tor\u016f a propojiteln\u00fd kabel. Pro snaz\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci s daty se doporu\u010duje pou\u017eit\u00ed LCD displeje pro zobrazen\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Komponent<\/th>\nPopis<\/th>\nDodavatel (P\u0159\u00edklad)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Ultrazvukov\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d (40kHz)<\/td>\nVys\u00edl\u00e1 a p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlny<\/td>\nBeijing Ultrasonic (nebo ekvivalent)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mikro\u0159adi\u010d (Arduino Uno)<\/td>\nZpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 data z m\u011bni\u010de<\/td>\nArduino<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rezistory (r\u016fzn\u00e9 hodnoty)<\/td>\nPro nastaven\u00ed proudu a nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/td>\nSparkFun, Adafruit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kondenz\u00e1tory (r\u016fzn\u00e9 hodnoty)<\/td>\nPro filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu<\/td>\nSparkFun, Adafruit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
LCD displej (16×2)<\/td>\nPro zobrazen\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti<\/td>\nAdafruit, SparkFun<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Propojovac\u00ed kabely<\/td>\nPro propojen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch komponent<\/td>\nSparkFun, Adafruit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Princip funkce ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru<\/h3>\n

Ultrazvukov\u00fd senzor funguje na principu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed doby letu ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlny. M\u011bni\u010d nejprve vy\u0161le kr\u00e1tk\u00fd impuls ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln. Tyto vlny se odraz\u00ed od p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky a vr\u00e1t\u00ed se zp\u011bt k m\u011bni\u010di. \u010cas, kter\u00fd vlny str\u00e1v\u00ed letem tam a zp\u011bt, je \u00fam\u011brn\u00fd vzd\u00e1lenosti k p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ece. Mikro\u0159adi\u010d zm\u011b\u0159\u00ed tento \u010das a na z\u00e1klad\u011b rychlosti zvuku vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 vzd\u00e1lenost.<\/p>\n

Sch\u00e9ma zapojen\u00ed a programov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Zapojen\u00ed senzoru je pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00e9. Ultrazvukov\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d se p\u0159ipoj\u00ed k digit\u00e1ln\u00edm pin\u016fm mikro\u0159adi\u010de. Rezistory a kondenz\u00e1tory slou\u017e\u00ed k filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu a ochran\u011b m\u011bni\u010de. LCD displej se p\u0159ipoj\u00ed k analogov\u00fdm nebo digit\u00e1ln\u00edm pin\u016fm podle jeho specifikace. Programov\u00e1n\u00ed mikro\u0159adi\u010de zahrnuje odesl\u00e1n\u00ed impulsu, m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed doby letu a v\u00fdpo\u010det vzd\u00e1lenosti. Existuje mnoho online zdroj\u016f s uk\u00e1zkov\u00fdmi k\u00f3dy v jazyce C pro Arduino.<\/p>\n

Kalibrace senzoru<\/h3>\n

Po sestaven\u00ed a naprogramov\u00e1n\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 senzor kalibrovat. To znamen\u00e1 ov\u011b\u0159it p\u0159esnost m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b upravit k\u00f3d tak, aby kompenzoval p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 odchylky. Kalibrace se prov\u00e1d\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm vzd\u00e1lenosti k objekt\u016fm o zn\u00e1m\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti a porovn\u00e1n\u00edm nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch a skute\u010dn\u00fdch hodnot.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e9 probl\u00e9my a jejich \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed<\/h3>\n

B\u011bhem konstrukce a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed se mohou vyskytnout r\u016fzn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Nap\u0159\u00edklad nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zapojen\u00ed, chybn\u00e9 programov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo probl\u00e9my s m\u011bni\u010dem. Pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed t\u011bchto probl\u00e9m\u016f je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pe\u010dliv\u011b zkontrolovat zapojen\u00ed, ov\u011b\u0159it k\u00f3d a zkusit vym\u011bnit po\u0161kozen\u00e9 komponenty.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee konstrukce vlastn\u00edho ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 velmi obohacuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fakol. S trochou trp\u011blivosti a technick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed si m\u016f\u017eete vyrobit funk\u010dn\u00ed senzor, kter\u00fd v\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee poslou\u017eit v mnoha aplikac\u00edch. Nezapome\u0148te na d\u016fle\u017eitost pe\u010dliv\u00e9ho zapojen\u00ed, spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho programov\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 kalibrace pro dosa\u017een\u00ed co nejlep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnosti m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory nach\u00e1zej\u00ed st\u00e1le \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech, od automobilov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu p\u0159es robotiku a\u017e po dom\u00e1c\u00ed automatizaci. N\u00e1kup hotov\u00e9ho senzoru je sice snadn\u00fd, ale s trochou zru\u010dnosti a vhodn\u00fdch komponent\u016f si m\u016f\u017eete podobn\u00fd senzor vyrobit i doma. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek podrobn\u011b popisuje, jak na to. Pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 komponenty Pro konstrukci vlastn\u00edho ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru budete pot\u0159ebovat n\u011bkolik<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26466,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59362","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59362","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59362"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59362\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26466"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59362"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59362"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59362"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}