{"id":59853,"date":"2023-04-21T23:06:46","date_gmt":"2023-04-22T04:06:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-to-make-an-ultrasound-machine\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:09:40","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:09:40","slug":"how-to-make-an-ultrasound-machine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-to-make-an-ultrasound-machine\/","title":{"rendered":"Konstrukce ultrazvukov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje: Praktick\u00fd n\u00e1vod"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ultrazvukov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj je komplexn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jeho\u017e konstrukce vy\u017eaduje hlubok\u00e9 znalosti z oblasti elektroniky, fyziky a medic\u00edny.  Jeho vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00fd \u00fakol a je sp\u00ed\u0161e v kompetenci specializovan\u00fdch firem a in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, pro pochopen\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch princip\u016f a komponent\u016f, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed tento p\u0159\u00edstroj, je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 prozkoumat jeho kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti a jejich funkci.  Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek poskytuje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159ehled o tom, co je pot\u0159eba k sestaven\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje.<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy ultrazvuku<\/h3>\n<p>Ultrazvukov\u00e9 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed zvukov\u00e9 vlny, kter\u00e9 jsou mimo rozsah lidsk\u00e9ho sluchu (obvykle nad 20 kHz). Tyto vlny se vys\u00edlaj\u00ed do t\u011bla pomoc\u00ed transduktoru, kter\u00fd je piezoelektrick\u00fd krystal.  Kdy\u017e vlny naraz\u00ed na rozhran\u00ed mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi tk\u00e1n\u011bmi, \u010d\u00e1st z nich se odraz\u00ed zp\u011bt k transduktoru.  \u010cas, kter\u00fd vlna pot\u0159ebuje k n\u00e1vratu, a intenzita odra\u017een\u00fdch vln, jsou pou\u017eity k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed obrazu.  R\u016fzn\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed zvukov\u00e9 vlny s r\u016fznou intenzitou, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje rozli\u0161it r\u016fzn\u00e9 struktury v t\u011ble.  Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed parametr je impedance akustick\u00e1.<\/p>\n<h3>Transduktor \u2013 srdce ultrazvukov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje<\/h3>\n<p>Transduktor je kl\u00ed\u010dovou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje.  Je to piezoelektrick\u00fd krystal, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt elektrickou energii na mechanickou energii (ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlny) a naopak.  Existuje mnoho typ\u016f transduktor\u016f, li\u0161\u00edc\u00edch se frekvenc\u00ed, velikost\u00ed a tvarem, v z\u00e1vislosti na zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9m pou\u017eit\u00ed.  Volba spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho transduktoru je kritick\u00e1 pro kvalitu obrazu.  Frekvence transduktoru ovliv\u0148uje hloubku pr\u016fniku a rozli\u0161en\u00ed obrazu.<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Frekvence (MHz)<\/th>\n<th>Hloubka pr\u016fniku (cm)<\/th>\n<th>Rozli\u0161en\u00ed<\/th>\n<th>Typick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>2-5<\/td>\n<td>15-25<\/td>\n<td>N\u00edzk\u00e9<\/td>\n<td>Abdomin\u00e1ln\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5-10<\/td>\n<td>5-15<\/td>\n<td>St\u0159edn\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>Kardiologick\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, mal\u00e9 org\u00e1ny<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10-20<\/td>\n<td>1-5<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e9<\/td>\n<td>Oftalmologick\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, povrchov\u00e9 struktury<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Elektronika \u2013 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu<\/h3>\n<p>Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu je kl\u00ed\u010dovou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje.  Odra\u017een\u00e9 vlny z transduktoru jsou velmi slab\u00e9 a mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zes\u00edleny a zpracov\u00e1ny, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it obraz.  Toto zahrnuje zes\u00edlen\u00ed sign\u00e1lu, filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161umu, \u010dasov\u00e9 zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu.  Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed sign\u00e1lov\u00e9 procesory (DSP) hraj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v tomto procesu.  D\u00e1le je pot\u0159eba syst\u00e9m pro zobrazen\u00ed obrazu, obvykle LCD displej.<\/p>\n<h3>Software \u2013 zobrazen\u00ed a anal\u00fdza<\/h3>\n<p>Software je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za zobrazen\u00ed obrazu a jeho anal\u00fdzu.  Modern\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje nab\u00edzej\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 re\u017eimy zobrazen\u00ed, jako je B-mode (\u010dernob\u00edl\u00fd), M-mode (\u010dasoprostorov\u00fd) a Doppler\u016fv re\u017eim (pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016ftoku krve).  Software tak\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed, ploch a objem\u016f.  V\u011bt\u0161ina modern\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f umo\u017e\u0148uje i ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dat a v\u00fdstupy ve form\u00e1tu DICOM.<\/p>\n<h3>Nap\u00e1jen\u00ed a chlazen\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Ultrazvukov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj vy\u017eaduje stabiln\u00ed zdroj nap\u00e1jen\u00ed a v z\u00e1vislosti na v\u00fdkonu a velikosti transduktoru, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nutn\u00e9 chlazen\u00ed, obvykle pomoc\u00ed ventil\u00e1tor\u016f, k udr\u017een\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00ed provozn\u00ed teploty.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee konstrukce ultrazvukov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje je komplexn\u00ed proces, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje hlubok\u00e9 znalosti z r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed.  Od n\u00e1vrhu a v\u00fdroby transduktoru p\u0159es slo\u017eit\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu a\u017e po sofistikovan\u00fd software pro zobrazen\u00ed a anal\u00fdzu \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00fd aspekt vy\u017eaduje odborn\u00e9 znalosti a zku\u0161enosti.  A\u010dkoliv je mo\u017en\u00e9 pochopit z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy, praktick\u00e1 realizace je \u00fakolem pro specializovan\u00e9 t\u00fdmy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ultrazvukov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj je komplexn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jeho\u017e konstrukce vy\u017eaduje hlubok\u00e9 znalosti z oblasti elektroniky, fyziky a medic\u00edny. Jeho vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00fd \u00fakol a je sp\u00ed\u0161e v kompetenci specializovan\u00fdch firem a in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, pro pochopen\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch princip\u016f a komponent\u016f, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed tento p\u0159\u00edstroj, je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 prozkoumat jeho kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti a jejich funkci. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek poskytuje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159ehled<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26474,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59853","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59853"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59853\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26474"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59853"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59853"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}