{"id":61061,"date":"2023-04-21T14:41:36","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T19:41:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-does-piezoelectric-work\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:06:17","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:06:17","slug":"how-does-piezoelectric-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-does-piezoelectric-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev: princip a fungov\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelekt\u0159ina je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed jev, kter\u00fd spojuje mechanickou energii a elekt\u0159inu.  Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se podrobn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu a jeho praktick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed.  Pochop\u00edme, jak se mechanick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed krystalick\u00e9 struktury p\u0159em\u011bn\u00ed na elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed a naopak.<\/p>\n<h3>Mechanismus piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu<\/h3>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt je zalo\u017een na speci\u00e1ln\u00ed struktu\u0159e n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, jako je k\u0159emen, turmal\u00edn, nebo syntetick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, nap\u0159\u00edklad PZT (zirkoni\u010ditan olovnato-titani\u010dit\u00fd).  Tyto materi\u00e1ly vykazuj\u00ed asymetrickou krystalovou m\u0159\u00ed\u017eku.  Kdy\u017e je na takov\u00fd krystal aplikov\u00e1na mechanick\u00e1 s\u00edla \u2013 stla\u010den\u00ed, nata\u017een\u00ed, ohyb \u2013 doch\u00e1z\u00ed k posunut\u00ed kladn\u00fdch a z\u00e1porn\u00fdch n\u00e1boj\u016f v krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece.  Tento posun n\u00e1boj\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 dip\u00f3ly, kter\u00e9 se s\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed makroskopick\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed na povrchu krystalu.  Intenzita tohoto nap\u011bt\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 velikosti aplikovan\u00e9 s\u00edly.<\/p>\n<h3>Druhy piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu<\/h3>\n<p>Rozli\u0161ujeme dva z\u00e1kladn\u00ed druhy piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>P\u0159\u00edm\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt:<\/strong>  Mechanick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed krystalu generuje elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zp\u011btn\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt:<\/strong> Aplikace elektrick\u00e9ho pole na krystal zp\u016fsobuje jeho mechanickou deformaci \u2013 rozta\u017een\u00ed nebo smr\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Materi\u00e1ly pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v piezoelektrick\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch<\/h3>\n<p>R\u016fzn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly vykazuj\u00ed rozd\u00edln\u00e9 piezoelektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti.  V\u00fdb\u011br materi\u00e1lu z\u00e1vis\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed aplikaci a po\u017eadovan\u00fdch vlastnostech.<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Materi\u00e1l<\/th>\n<th>Piezoelektrick\u00e1 konstanta (pC\/N)<\/th>\n<th>Teplotn\u00ed stabilita<\/th>\n<th>Cena<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>K\u0159emen<\/td>\n<td>2,3<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>St\u0159edn\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PZT<\/td>\n<td>150-500<\/td>\n<td>St\u0159edn\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>N\u00edzk\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Turmal\u00edn<\/td>\n<td>1-10<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>N\u011bkter\u00e9 polymery<\/td>\n<td>1-100<\/td>\n<td>N\u00edzk\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>N\u00edzk\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Aplikace piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu<\/h3>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ultrazvukov\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 krystaly se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k generov\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln, nap\u0159. v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch zobrazovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch (ultrazvuk), \u010distic\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, nebo senzorech.  Kvalita t\u011bchto aplikac\u00ed siln\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na p\u0159esnosti a stabilit\u011b piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f.  Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pro p\u0159esn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ky materi\u00e1lu se \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9 senzory.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zapalova\u010de:<\/strong>  Mechanick\u00e9 stla\u010den\u00ed krystalu generuje jiskru, kter\u00e1 zap\u00e1l\u00ed plyn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Senzory tlaku a akcelerace:<\/strong>  Zm\u011bny tlaku nebo zrychlen\u00ed deformuj\u00ed krystal, co\u017e vede k generov\u00e1n\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu \u00fam\u011brn\u00e9ho zm\u011bn\u011b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Akt\u00e1tory:<\/strong>  Aplikace elektrick\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed na piezoelektrick\u00fd materi\u00e1l zp\u016fsobuje jeho deformaci, co\u017e se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v precizn\u00edch posuvech a mikromanipul\u00e1torech.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h3>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt p\u0159edstavuje fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed a d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd jev s \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem aplikac\u00ed.  Jeho princip spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 vazb\u011b mezi mechanick\u00fdm nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00edm a elektrick\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm v ur\u010dit\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech.  Pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum a v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f slibuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed pokrok a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed tohoto efektu v technologi\u00edch budoucnosti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelekt\u0159ina je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed jev, kter\u00fd spojuje mechanickou energii a elekt\u0159inu. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se podrobn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu a jeho praktick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Pochop\u00edme, jak se mechanick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed krystalick\u00e9 struktury p\u0159em\u011bn\u00ed na elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed a naopak. Mechanismus piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt je zalo\u017een na speci\u00e1ln\u00ed struktu\u0159e n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, jako je k\u0159emen, turmal\u00edn, nebo<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23776,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61061","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61061","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61061"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61061\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23776"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61061"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61061"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61061"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}