{"id":61066,"date":"2023-04-21T14:41:09","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T19:41:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-does-piezoelectric-transducer-work\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:06:17","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:06:17","slug":"how-does-piezoelectric-transducer-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-does-piezoelectric-transducer-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezoelektrick\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d: princip funkce a vyu\u017eit\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jedine\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f k p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b mechanick\u00e9 energie na energii elektrickou a naopak.  Tento jev, zvan\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt, umo\u017e\u0148uje \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum aplikac\u00ed, od zapalova\u010d\u016f a reproduktor\u016f a\u017e po vysoce p\u0159esn\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 technologie.  V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se podrobn\u011b pod\u00edv\u00e1me na princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9ho sn\u00edma\u010de.<\/p>\n<h3>Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip<\/h3>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt je zalo\u017een na schopnosti n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, jako je k\u0159emen, turmal\u00edn, nebo syntetick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly jako je PZT (olov\u011bno-zirkonitano-titani\u010dit\u00fd keramick\u00fd materi\u00e1l), generovat elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v reakci na mechanick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed (tlak, tah, deformace).  Tento efekt je reverzibiln\u00ed, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee aplikov\u00e1n\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho pole na piezoelektrick\u00fd materi\u00e1l vede k jeho mechanick\u00e9 deformaci.  Na molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed \u00farovni je tento jev zp\u016fsoben asymetrick\u00fdm rozlo\u017een\u00edm n\u00e1boj\u016f v krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece, kter\u00e9 se m\u011bn\u00ed vlivem mechanick\u00e9ho nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Typy piezoelektrick\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f<\/h3>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de se d\u011bl\u00ed do n\u011bkolika typ\u016f v z\u00e1vislosti na jejich konstrukci a aplikaci.  Nej\u010dast\u011bji se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sn\u00edma\u010de s tenkou vrstvou:<\/strong>  Tyto sn\u00edma\u010de vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tenkou vrstvu piezoelektrick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu nanesenou na substr\u00e1t.  Vyzna\u010duj\u00ed se vysokou citlivost\u00ed a rychlou odezvou.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sn\u00edma\u010de s hrotem:<\/strong>  Tyto sn\u00edma\u010de pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fd materi\u00e1l ve tvaru ty\u010dinky nebo hrotu, kter\u00e9 se deformuj\u00ed vlivem vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed s\u00edly.  Jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sil a tlaku.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Akcelerometry:<\/strong>  Tento typ sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f m\u011b\u0159\u00ed zrychlen\u00ed.  Deformace piezoelektrick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu je p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 zrychlen\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hydrofony:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 hydrofony detekuj\u00ed zm\u011bny tlaku ve vod\u011b a p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed je na elektrick\u00fd sign\u00e1l.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Aplikace piezoelektrick\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f<\/h3>\n<p>Rozsah aplikac\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f je velmi \u0161irok\u00fd.  Najdou sv\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku a s\u00edly:<\/strong>  V pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 automatizaci, automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu, l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed (nap\u0159. m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed krevn\u00edho tlaku).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ultrazvukov\u00e9 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong>  V l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed (ultrazvukov\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed) a pr\u016fmyslu (ultrazvukov\u00e1 defektoskopie).  V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 schopnost piezoelektrick\u00e9ho prvku generovat a detekovat ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlny.  Kvalita t\u011bchto vln je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na frekvenci a materi\u00e1lu, s n\u00edzkou frekvenc\u00ed se dosahuje v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hloubky pr\u016fniku.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Generov\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvuku:<\/strong>  V \u010distic\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, ultrazvukov\u00e9m sva\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, a dal\u0161\u00edch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zapalova\u010de:<\/strong>  Mechanick\u00e9 stla\u010den\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9ho prvku generuje jiskru pro zap\u00e1len\u00ed plynu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/h3>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Materi\u00e1l<\/th>\n<th>Dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta<\/th>\n<th>Piezoelektrick\u00fd koeficient<\/th>\n<th>Teplotn\u00ed stabilita<\/th>\n<th>Cena<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>K\u0159emen<\/td>\n<td>4,5<\/td>\n<td>2 pC\/N<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>St\u0159edn\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PZT<\/td>\n<td>1000 &#8211; 3000<\/td>\n<td>100 &#8211; 700 pC\/N<\/td>\n<td>St\u0159edn\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>N\u00edzk\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Turmal\u00edn<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>2 &#8211; 10 pC\/N<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>Pozn\u00e1mka: Hodnoty v tabulce jsou pouze orienta\u010dn\u00ed a mohou se li\u0161it v z\u00e1vislosti na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm slo\u017een\u00ed materi\u00e1lu.<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody piezoelektrick\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f<\/h3>\n<p><strong>V\u00fdhody:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vysok\u00e1 citlivost<\/li>\n<li>Rychl\u00e1 odezva<\/li>\n<li>Robustn\u00ed konstrukce<\/li>\n<li>\u0160irok\u00fd rozsah m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>N\u00edzk\u00e9 energetick\u00e9 n\u00e1roky (v re\u017eimu pasivn\u00edho sn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Nev\u00fdhody:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Omezen\u00e1 \u017eivotnost (zejm\u00e9na u materi\u00e1l\u016f s vysokou piezoelektrickou aktivitou)<\/li>\n<li>Citlivost na teplotu a vlhkost<\/li>\n<li>Neline\u00e1rn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch nap\u011bt\u00ed\/deformace<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st modern\u00ed technologie.  D\u00edky sv\u00fdm unik\u00e1tn\u00edm vlastnostem nach\u00e1zej\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblastech a jejich v\u00fdvoj a vylep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed neust\u00e1le pokra\u010duje.  Pochopen\u00ed princip\u016f jejich fungov\u00e1n\u00ed je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed v praxi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jedine\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f k p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b mechanick\u00e9 energie na energii elektrickou a naopak. Tento jev, zvan\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt, umo\u017e\u0148uje \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum aplikac\u00ed, od zapalova\u010d\u016f a reproduktor\u016f a\u017e po vysoce p\u0159esn\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 technologie. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se podrobn\u011b pod\u00edv\u00e1me na princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9ho sn\u00edma\u010de. Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19412,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61066","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61066","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61066"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61066\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19412"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61066"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61066"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61066"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}