{"id":61081,"date":"2023-04-21T14:39:27","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T19:39:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-does-piezo-work\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:06:14","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:06:14","slug":"how-does-piezo-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-does-piezo-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev: princip a fungov\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev, na kter\u00e9m je zalo\u017eena funkce piezoelektrick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed oblast\u00ed fyziky, kter\u00e1 nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech lidsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.  Jeho princip spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b mechanick\u00e9 energie na energii elektrickou a naopak.  Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se detailn\u011bji zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na to, jak tento jev funguje na molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed \u00farovni a jak se projevuje v praktick\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt je vlastnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 generuj\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v reakci na mechanick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed (tlak, tah, vibrace).  Tento jev je zp\u016fsoben asymetrickou strukturou krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky t\u011bchto materi\u00e1l\u016f.  Kdy\u017e je krystal mechanicky deformov\u00e1n, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k posunut\u00ed iont\u016f v krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece, co\u017e vede k separaci kladn\u00fdch a z\u00e1porn\u00fdch n\u00e1boj\u016f a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9mu vzniku elektrick\u00e9ho pole.  Opa\u010dn\u00fd efekt, tzv. inverzn\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt,  se projevuje generov\u00e1n\u00edm mechanick\u00e9 deformace (rozta\u017een\u00ed nebo smr\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed) materi\u00e1lu p\u0159i p\u016fsoben\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho pole.<\/p>\n<p>Druhy piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/p>\n<p>Existuje \u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 vykazuj\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti.  Nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 jsou:<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Materi\u00e1l<\/th>\n<th>V\u00fdhody<\/th>\n<th>Nev\u00fdhody<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>K\u0159emen (SiO\u2082)<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1 stabilita, vysok\u00e1 Curieova teplota<\/td>\n<td>N\u00edzk\u00e1 piezoelektrick\u00e1 citlivost<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Keramika (PZT)<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1 piezoelektrick\u00e1 citlivost<\/td>\n<td>Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed Curieova teplota, m\u00e9n\u011b stabiln\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Polymern\u00ed materi\u00e1ly<\/td>\n<td>Flexibiln\u00ed, n\u00edzk\u00e1 cena<\/td>\n<td>Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e1 citlivost<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Volba materi\u00e1lu z\u00e1vis\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed aplikaci a po\u017eadovan\u00fdch vlastnostech.  Pro vysokop\u0159esn\u00e9 aplikace, kde je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 stabilita, se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k\u0159emen.  Pro aplikace, kde je pot\u0159eba vysok\u00e1 citlivost, se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9 keramiky, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad PZT (olovnat\u00fd zirkonitan titani\u010dit\u00fd).<\/p>\n<p>Aplikace piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt m\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum aplikac\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oborech.  N\u011bkter\u00e9 z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch jsou:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ultrazvukov\u00e9 \u010didla:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 krystaly se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k generov\u00e1n\u00ed a detekci ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln, kter\u00e9 se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v medic\u00edn\u011b (ultrazvukov\u00e9 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed), pr\u016fmyslu (ultrazvukov\u00e1 defektoskopie) a dal\u0161\u00edch oblastech.  Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i defektoskopii se ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlny generovan\u00e9 piezoelektrick\u00fdm prvkem \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed materi\u00e1lem a odrazy od defekt\u016f se zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed stejn\u00fdm prvkem.  Kvalita a p\u0159esnost t\u011bchto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na kvalit\u011b pou\u017eit\u00e9ho piezoelektrick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a jeho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zapalova\u010de:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 zapalova\u010de vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed mechanick\u00e9 stla\u010den\u00ed krystalu k generov\u00e1n\u00ed jiskry, kter\u00e1 zap\u00e1l\u00ed plyn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny:<\/strong>  Inverzn\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k p\u0159esn\u00e9mu polohov\u00e1n\u00ed v mikroskopii a nanotechnologi\u00edch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sn\u00edma\u010de tlaku a vibrac\u00ed:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku a vibrac\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch, od automobilov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu po letectv\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Omezen\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu<\/p>\n<p>A\u010dkoliv je piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd, m\u00e1 i sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed.  Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>St\u00e1rnut\u00ed materi\u00e1lu:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti se mohou s \u010dasem m\u011bnit vlivem r\u016fzn\u00fdch faktor\u016f, jako je teplota a mechanick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Omezen\u00e1 \u017eivotnost:<\/strong>  P\u0159i opakovan\u00e9m nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k degradaci piezoelektrick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Citlivost na teplotu:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti jsou z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na teplot\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed jev s \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem aplikac\u00ed.  Jeho porozum\u011bn\u00ed a neust\u00e1l\u00fd v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a technologi\u00ed otev\u00edr\u00e1 cestu k dal\u0161\u00edm inovac\u00edm v mnoha oblastech.  D\u016fkladn\u00e1 znalost vlastnost\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 pro efektivn\u00ed a spolehliv\u00e9 fungov\u00e1n\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00fdch na tomto principu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev, na kter\u00e9m je zalo\u017eena funkce piezoelektrick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed oblast\u00ed fyziky, kter\u00e1 nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech lidsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Jeho princip spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b mechanick\u00e9 energie na energii elektrickou a naopak. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se detailn\u011bji zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na to, jak tento jev funguje na molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed \u00farovni a jak se projevuje v praktick\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23776,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61081","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61081","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61081"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61081\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23776"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61081"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61081"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61081"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}