{"id":61161,"date":"2023-04-21T14:32:25","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T19:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-does-an-ultrasonic-sensor-work\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:05:56","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:05:56","slug":"how-does-an-ultrasonic-sensor-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-does-an-ultrasonic-sensor-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory: princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a pou\u017eit\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory nach\u00e1zej\u00ed st\u00e1le \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblastech, od automobilov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu p\u0159es automatizaci v pr\u016fmyslu a\u017e po robotiku a spot\u0159ebn\u00ed elektroniku.  Funguj\u00ed na principu vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edjmu ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln, kter\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 ucho nesly\u0161\u00ed.  Pochopen\u00ed jejich principu je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto senzor\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Princip m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti<\/p>\n<p>Ultrazvukov\u00fd senzor vys\u00edl\u00e1 kr\u00e1tk\u00fd impulz ultrazvuku o frekvenci typicky v rozsahu 20 kHz a\u017e 400 kHz.  Tento impulz se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed prostorem a po dopadu na p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku se od n\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed zp\u011bt k senzoru.  Senzor je vybaven jak vys\u00edla\u010dem, tak p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010dem ultrazvuku.  \u010cas, kter\u00fd uplyne mezi vysl\u00e1n\u00edm impulzu a p\u0159ijet\u00edm odra\u017een\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu, se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed s vysokou p\u0159esnost\u00ed.  Na z\u00e1klad\u011b znalosti rychlosti zvuku ve vzduchu (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 343 m\/s p\u0159i 20 \u00b0C) a nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho \u010dasu lze snadno vypo\u010d\u00edtat vzd\u00e1lenost k p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ece. Vzorec je jednoduch\u00fd:  Vzd\u00e1lenost = (Rychlost zvuku \u00d7 \u010cas) \/ 2.  D\u011blen\u00ed dv\u011bma je nutn\u00e9, proto\u017ee zvuk mus\u00ed urazit cestu tam i zp\u011bt.<\/p>\n<p>Typy ultrazvukov\u00fdch senzor\u016f<\/p>\n<p>Existuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy ultrazvukov\u00fdch senzor\u016f, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed sv\u00fdmi vlastnostmi a aplikacemi.  Jedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch rozd\u011blen\u00ed je podle typu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed:<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Typ senzoru<\/th>\n<th>Princip m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/th>\n<th>Aplikace<\/th>\n<th>V\u00fdhody<\/th>\n<th>Nev\u00fdhody<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Senzor s jedn\u00edm prvkem<\/td>\n<td>Jeden prvek slou\u017e\u00ed jak k vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed, tak k p\u0159\u00edjmu.<\/td>\n<td>M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti v jednoduch\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch.<\/td>\n<td>N\u00edzk\u00e9 n\u00e1klady, jednoduch\u00e1 konstrukce<\/td>\n<td>Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnost, omezen\u00fd dosah<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Senzor s odd\u011blen\u00fdmi prvky<\/td>\n<td>Odd\u011blen\u00e9 vys\u00edlac\u00ed a p\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00ed prvky.<\/td>\n<td>M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnost\u00ed, detekce pohybu.<\/td>\n<td>Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnost, v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed dosah<\/td>\n<td>Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1klady, slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed konstrukce<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edly mezi senzory se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed tvaru, velikosti, rozsahu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a p\u0159esnosti.  V\u00fdb\u011br spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho senzoru z\u00e1vis\u00ed na specifick\u00fdch po\u017eadavc\u00edch dan\u00e9 aplikace.<\/p>\n<p>Vliv okoln\u00edch faktor\u016f<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159esnost m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00e9ho senzoru m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bna n\u011bkolika faktory.  Mezi nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Teplota:<\/strong> Rychlost zvuku se m\u011bn\u00ed s teplotou, co\u017e ovliv\u0148uje p\u0159esnost m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.  N\u011bkter\u00e9 sofistikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed senzory kompenzuj\u00ed vliv teploty automaticky.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vlhkost:<\/strong> Vlhkost vzduchu m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edrn\u011b ovlivnit rychlost \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zvuku.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tlak:<\/strong> Stejn\u011b jako teplota a vlhkost, i atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak ovliv\u0148uje rychlost zvuku.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Odhlu\u010dn\u011bn\u00ed:<\/strong> Ru\u0161iv\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly mohou interferovat s m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm.  Kvalitn\u00ed senzory disponuj\u00ed filtry, kter\u00e9 minimalizuj\u00ed vliv ru\u0161en\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Charakter povrchu:<\/strong> Povrch p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky ovliv\u0148uje odraz zvuku.  Hladk\u00e9 a pevn\u00e9 povrchy odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed zvuk l\u00e9pe ne\u017e povrchy drsn\u00e9 a m\u011bkk\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu<\/p>\n<p>Sign\u00e1l p\u0159ijat\u00fd senzorem je zpracov\u00e1n elektronick\u00fdm obvodem.  Tento obvod detekuje odra\u017een\u00fd impulz, m\u011b\u0159\u00ed jeho \u010dasov\u00fd zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed a p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed ho na vzd\u00e1lenost.  D\u00e1le se prov\u00e1d\u00ed filtrace \u0161umu a kompenzace vlivu okoln\u00edch faktor\u016f, pokud je to mo\u017en\u00e9.  V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 vzd\u00e1lenost se pak m\u016f\u017ee zobrazit na displeji nebo se pou\u017e\u00edt pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f.  Mnoho senzor\u016f nab\u00edz\u00ed i digit\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdstup, \u010d\u00edm\u017e usnad\u0148uj\u00ed integraci do mikrokontrol\u00e9r\u016f a jin\u00fdch digit\u00e1ln\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed spolehliv\u00e9 a cenov\u011b dostupn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti v \u0161irok\u00e9m spektru aplikac\u00ed.  Pochopen\u00ed jejich funk\u010dn\u00edho principu a limit\u016f je nezbytn\u00e9 pro jejich efektivn\u00ed nasazen\u00ed a dosa\u017een\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f.  Spr\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br senzoru s ohledem na po\u017eadavky aplikace je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd pro dosa\u017een\u00ed spolehliv\u00e9ho a p\u0159esn\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ultrazvukov\u00e9 senzory nach\u00e1zej\u00ed st\u00e1le \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblastech, od automobilov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu p\u0159es automatizaci v pr\u016fmyslu a\u017e po robotiku a spot\u0159ebn\u00ed elektroniku. Funguj\u00ed na principu vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edjmu ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln, kter\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 ucho nesly\u0161\u00ed. Pochopen\u00ed jejich principu je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto senzor\u016f. Princip m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti Ultrazvukov\u00fd senzor vys\u00edl\u00e1 kr\u00e1tk\u00fd impulz ultrazvuku o frekvenci<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26464,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61161","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61161","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61161"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61161\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26464"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61161"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61161"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61161"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}