{"id":61241,"date":"2023-04-21T14:24:08","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T19:24:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-does-a-piezo-work\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:05:45","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:05:45","slug":"how-does-a-piezo-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-does-a-piezo-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezokrystal: Funk\u010dn\u00ed princip a praktick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev, z\u00e1klad funkce piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f, je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed proces s \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem aplikac\u00ed.  Jeho princip spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 a obr\u00e1cen\u00e9 piezoelektrick\u00e9 vazb\u011b, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159evod mechanick\u00e9 energie na elektrickou a naopak.  Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se podrobn\u011bji zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na fungov\u00e1n\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f a na detaily, kter\u00e9 stoj\u00ed za jejich efektivn\u00edm vyu\u017eit\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt popisuje schopnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f generovat elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v reakci na mechanick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed (tlak, tah, smyk).  Tento efekt je reverzibiln\u00ed, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee aplikac\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho pole na piezoelektrick\u00fd materi\u00e1l se m\u011bn\u00ed jeho rozm\u011bry.  Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm faktorem je asymetrie krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky materi\u00e1lu.  Kdy\u017e je krystal mechanicky deformov\u00e1n, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k posunu iont\u016f v krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece, co\u017e vede k akumulaci n\u00e1boje na povrchu krystalu a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9mu vzniku elektrick\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed. Opa\u010dn\u011b, aplikovan\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 pole zp\u016fsob\u00ed deformaci krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky a t\u00edm i zm\u011bnu rozm\u011br\u016f materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n<p>Materi\u00e1ly pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvc\u00edch<\/p>\n<p>Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi materi\u00e1ly pro v\u00fdrobu piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f jsou k\u0159emen (SiO\u2082), keramick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly jako nap\u0159\u00edklad PZT (zirkoni\u010ditan olovnato-titani\u010dit\u00fd) a dal\u0161\u00ed syntetick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly.  Ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u011bchto materi\u00e1l\u016f vykazuje specifick\u00e9 piezoelektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na jejich krystalov\u00e9 struktu\u0159e a chemick\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Materi\u00e1l<\/th>\n<th>Piezoelektrick\u00e1 konstanta (pC\/N)<\/th>\n<th>Teplotn\u00ed stabilita<\/th>\n<th>Mechanick\u00e1 pevnost<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>K\u0159emen<\/td>\n<td>2,3<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PZT<\/td>\n<td>150-700<\/td>\n<td>St\u0159edn\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>St\u0159edn\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>N\u011bkter\u00e9 polymery<\/td>\n<td>1-10<\/td>\n<td>N\u00edzk\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>N\u00edzk\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aplikace piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f<\/p>\n<p>D\u00edky reverzibilit\u011b piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu nach\u00e1zej\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech.  Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gener\u00e1tory vysok\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, jako jsou zapalova\u010de, kde mechanick\u00fd tlak generuje vysok\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed pro jiskru.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Senzory:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 senzory detekuj\u00ed mechanick\u00e9 vibrace, tlak a zrychlen\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se v r\u016fzn\u00fdch typech senzor\u016f, nap\u0159. v automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu, medic\u00edn\u011b a geofyzik\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny:<\/strong> V obr\u00e1cen\u00e9m re\u017eimu se piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako miniaturn\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny s vysokou p\u0159esnost\u00ed a rychlost\u00ed odezvy.  To nach\u00e1z\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed v mikroskopii, optice a v p\u0159esn\u00e9m polohov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ultrazvukov\u00e9 technologie:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky jsou z\u00e1kladem ultrazvukov\u00fdch p\u0159evodn\u00edk\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v r\u016fzn\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch, jako je ultrazvukov\u00e9 \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, diagnostika a nedestruktivn\u00ed testov\u00e1n\u00ed.  V tomto oboru hraj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli pro p\u0159esn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a generov\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln.  P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eit\u00ed v ultrazvukov\u00fdch \u010disti\u010dk\u00e1ch od firmy Beijing Ultrasonic, kde p\u0159esn\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 piezoelektrick\u00e1 rezonance umo\u017e\u0148uje efektivn\u00ed \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Design a konstrukce piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f<\/p>\n<p>Design piezoelektrick\u00e9ho prvku z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jeho zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9 aplikaci.  Pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed vysok\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tenk\u00e9, k\u0159ehk\u00e9 krystaly.  Pro senzory a ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 konfigurace a tvary,  optimalizovan\u00e9 pro specifick\u00e9 vlastnosti, jako je citlivost, frekven\u010dn\u00ed odezva a mechanick\u00e1 pevnost.  Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 volba materi\u00e1lu a konstrukce je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 pro dosa\u017een\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdkonu.<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed technologii s \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem aplikac\u00ed, od mal\u00fdch senzor\u016f a\u017e po vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 ultrazvukov\u00e9 gener\u00e1tory.  Pochopen\u00ed jejich fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a schopnost  vybrat spr\u00e1vn\u00fd materi\u00e1l a konstrukci pro danou aplikaci je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed jejich jedine\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev, z\u00e1klad funkce piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f, je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed proces s \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem aplikac\u00ed. Jeho princip spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 a obr\u00e1cen\u00e9 piezoelektrick\u00e9 vazb\u011b, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159evod mechanick\u00e9 energie na elektrickou a naopak. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se podrobn\u011bji zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na fungov\u00e1n\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f a na detaily, kter\u00e9 stoj\u00ed za jejich efektivn\u00edm vyu\u017eit\u00edm. Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip Piezoelektrick\u00fd<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23761,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61241"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61241\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23761"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}