{"id":61381,"date":"2023-04-21T14:10:42","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T19:10:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-do-piezoelectric-transducers-work\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:05:25","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:05:25","slug":"how-do-piezoelectric-transducers-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-do-piezoelectric-transducers-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezoelektrick\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de: princip funkce a vyu\u017eit\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Piezoelektrick\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de jsou fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt mechanickou energii na energii elektrickou a naopak. Tento jev, zvan\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt, nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech, od m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku a vibrac\u00ed a\u017e po generov\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvuku. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na detailn\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto m\u011bni\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt je zalo\u017een na vlastnostech ur\u010dit\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 generuj\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159i mechanick\u00e9 deformaci (p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt) a naopak se deformuj\u00ed p\u0159i p\u016fsoben\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho pole (obr\u00e1cen\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt). Tento efekt je zp\u016fsoben asymetrick\u00fdm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm iont\u016f v krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece. Kdy\u017e je krystal mechanicky stla\u010den nebo nata\u017een, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k posunut\u00ed t\u011bchto iont\u016f, co\u017e vede k akumulaci n\u00e1boje na povrchu krystalu a t\u00edm k vzniku elektrick\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed. Obr\u00e1cen\u011b, p\u0159i aplikaci elektrick\u00e9ho pole se krystal deformuje v z\u00e1vislosti na polarit\u011b a velikosti aplikovan\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Materi\u00e1ly pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v piezoelektrick\u00fdch m\u011bni\u010d\u00edch<\/p>\n

Nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi materi\u00e1ly pro piezoelektrick\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de jsou keramick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd (BaTiO\u2083) a zirkon\u00e1t olovnato-titanit (PZT). Tyto materi\u00e1ly vykazuj\u00ed vysok\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd koeficient, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee generuj\u00ed relativn\u011b velk\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159i mal\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 deformaci. Dal\u0161\u00ed materi\u00e1ly zahrnuj\u00ed k\u0159emen (SiO\u2082) a n\u011bkter\u00e9 polymery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Materi\u00e1l<\/th>\nPiezoelektrick\u00fd koeficient (pC\/N)<\/th>\nV\u00fdhody<\/th>\nNev\u00fdhody<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd (BaTiO\u2083)<\/td>\n190<\/td>\nVysok\u00e1 citlivost, n\u00edzk\u00e1 cena<\/td>\nN\u00edzk\u00e1 Curieova teplota<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zirkon\u00e1t olovnato-titanit (PZT)<\/td>\n300-700<\/td>\nVysok\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd koeficient, vysok\u00e1 Curieova teplota<\/td>\nObsahuje olovo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K\u0159emen (SiO\u2082)<\/td>\n2,3<\/td>\nVysok\u00e1 stabilita, n\u00edzk\u00e1 hystereze<\/td>\nN\u00edzk\u00e1 citlivost<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Konstrukce piezoelektrick\u00fdch m\u011bni\u010d\u016f<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de se vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch tvarech a velikostech, v z\u00e1vislosti na jejich zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9m pou\u017eit\u00ed. Spole\u010dn\u00fdm rysem je v\u0161ak pou\u017eit\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd je opat\u0159en elektrodami pro sb\u011br generovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje. Elektrody jsou obvykle vyrobeny z kovu, a jsou na piezoelektrick\u00fd materi\u00e1l naneseny tenkou vrstvou. Pro zes\u00edlen\u00ed efektu se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 konstrukce.<\/p>\n

Aplikace piezoelektrick\u00fdch m\u011bni\u010d\u016f<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de nach\u00e1zej\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oborech. V oblasti ultrazvuku se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k generov\u00e1n\u00ed a detekci ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln, nap\u0159\u00edklad v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 diagnostice, pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 kontrole a senzorice. V oblasti senzoriky se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku, zrychlen\u00ed, s\u00edly a dal\u0161\u00edch fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch veli\u010din. D\u00e1le se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v ak\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, jako jsou piezoelektrick\u00e9 motory a inkoustov\u00e9 tisk\u00e1rny. Pou\u017eit\u00ed v ultrazvukov\u00e9 diagnostice, nap\u0159\u00edklad s pou\u017eit\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed od spole\u010dnosti Beijing Ultrasonic, demonstruje jejich vysokou p\u0159esnost a spolehlivost.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody piezoelektrick\u00fdch m\u011bni\u010d\u016f<\/p>\n

Mezi hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdhody piezoelektrick\u00fdch m\u011bni\u010d\u016f pat\u0159\u00ed jejich vysok\u00e1 citlivost, kompaktn\u00ed rozm\u011bry, n\u00edzk\u00e1 spot\u0159eba energie a dlouh\u00e1 \u017eivotnost. Nev\u00fdhodami jsou omezen\u00e1 frekven\u010dn\u00ed odezva, citlivost na teplotu a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech i toxicita pou\u017eit\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f (nap\u0159. olovo v PZT).<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st modern\u00ed techniky. D\u00edky sv\u00e9 schopnosti p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt mechanickou energii na elektrickou a naopak nach\u00e1zej\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9m spektru aplikac\u00ed, a jejich v\u00fdvoj a vylep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed neust\u00e1le pokra\u010duje.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Piezoelektrick\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de jsou fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt mechanickou energii na energii elektrickou a naopak. Tento jev, zvan\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt, nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech, od m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku a vibrac\u00ed a\u017e po generov\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvuku. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na detailn\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto m\u011bni\u010d\u016f. Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt je zalo\u017een na vlastnostech<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19418,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61381","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61381"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61381\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19418"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}