{"id":61386,"date":"2023-04-21T14:10:17","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T19:10:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-do-piezoelectric-devices-work\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:05:25","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:05:25","slug":"how-do-piezoelectric-devices-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-do-piezoelectric-devices-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezoelektrick\u00e9 jevy: princip a funkce za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Piezoelektrick\u00e9 jevy jsou fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed oblast\u00ed fyziky, kter\u00e1 nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha technologi\u00edch. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se podrobn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a na to, jak tyto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed mechanickou energii na elektrickou a naopak.<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt je vlastnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, jako je k\u0159emen, turmal\u00edn, nebo syntetick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly jako je PZT (zirkoni\u010ditan olovnato-titani\u010dit\u00fd), generovat elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159i mechanick\u00e9 deformaci (tlak, tah, ohyb). Tento efekt je reverzibiln\u00ed, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u016fsoben\u00edm elektrick\u00e9ho pole na piezoelektrick\u00fd materi\u00e1l doch\u00e1z\u00ed k jeho mechanick\u00e9 deformaci. Na mikroskopick\u00e9 \u00farovni je tento efekt zp\u016fsoben asymetrick\u00fdm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm iont\u016f v krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece. Mechanick\u00e1 deformace naru\u0161\u00ed tuto symetrii a vytvo\u0159\u00ed elektrick\u00fd dip\u00f3l, kter\u00fd vede k vzniku elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje na povrchu materi\u00e1lu. Velikost generovan\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 velikosti deformace.<\/p>\n

Druhy piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/p>\n

Existuje \u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed sv\u00fdmi vlastnostmi a aplikacemi. V\u00fdb\u011br materi\u00e1lu z\u00e1vis\u00ed na po\u017eadovan\u00fdch parametrech, jako je citlivost, pracovn\u00ed frekvence a mechanick\u00e1 odolnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Materi\u00e1l<\/th>\nDielektrick\u00e1 konstanta<\/th>\nPiezoelektrick\u00e1 konstanta<\/th>\nAplikace<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
K\u0159emen<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n2.3 pC\/N<\/td>\nHodiny, filtry, senzory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
PZT (keramika)<\/td>\n1000-3000<\/td>\n100-500 pC\/N<\/td>\nAk\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny, senzory, ultrazvukov\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gallium nitrid (GaN)<\/td>\n~9<\/td>\n~3 pC\/N<\/td>\nVysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed aplikace, senzory s vysokou teplotn\u00ed odolnost\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Aplikace piezoelektrick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9m spektru aplikac\u00ed, od jednoduch\u00fdch senzor\u016f a\u017e po sofistikovan\u00e9 ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny. Mezi nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n

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    Ultrazvukov\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de a gener\u00e1tory:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 krystaly se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed a detekci ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln. Tyto sn\u00edma\u010de se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v medic\u00edn\u011b (ultrazvukov\u00e9 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed), pr\u016fmyslu (ultrazvukov\u00e1 defektoskopie) a dal\u0161\u00edch oblastech. V ultrazvukov\u00fdch \u010distic\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch se piezoelektrick\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k generov\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00fdch vibrac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 odstra\u0148uj\u00ed ne\u010distoty z povrchu materi\u00e1l\u016f. P\u0159esn\u00e1 konstrukce a vlastnosti t\u011bchto m\u011bni\u010d\u016f jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro efektivn\u00ed \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdrobci, nap\u0159\u00edklad Beijing Ultrasonic, se specializuj\u00ed na v\u00fdrobu vysoce kvalitn\u00edch ultrazvukov\u00fdch piezoelektrick\u00fdch m\u011bni\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Senzory tlaku a zrychlen\u00ed:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 senzory m\u011b\u0159\u00ed zm\u011bny tlaku nebo zrychlen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed mechanickou deformaci krystalu, a generuj\u00ed tak \u00fam\u011brn\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny:<\/strong> Vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se v inkoustov\u00fdch tisk\u00e1rn\u00e1ch, piezoelektrick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch pro p\u0159esn\u00e9 polohov\u00e1n\u00ed a v jin\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch, kde je pot\u0159eba generovat p\u0159esn\u00e9 a rychl\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 pohyby.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    V\u00fdrobn\u00ed procesy<\/p>\n

    V\u00fdroba piezoelektrick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zahrnuje n\u011bkolik krok\u016f, od p\u0159\u00edpravy materi\u00e1lu po kone\u010dnou mont\u00e1\u017e. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm krokem je polarizace materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00e1 se prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u016fsoben\u00edm siln\u00e9ho elektrick\u00e9ho pole p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 teplot\u011b. Tento proces uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1 dip\u00f3ly v krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece a zaru\u010duje tak po\u017eadovan\u00e9 piezoelektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti.<\/p>\n

    Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/p>\n

    Piezoelektrick\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed hraj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v mnoha modern\u00edch technologi\u00edch. D\u00edky jejich schopnosti p\u0159em\u011b\u0148ovat mechanickou energii na elektrickou a naopak, nach\u00e1zej\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le aplikac\u00ed, od senzor\u016f a ak\u010dn\u00edch \u010dlen\u016f a\u017e po ultrazvukov\u00e9 technologie. Pokrok ve v\u00fdvoji nov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a technologi\u00ed v\u00fdroby d\u00e1le roz\u0161i\u0159uje mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Piezoelektrick\u00e9 jevy jsou fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed oblast\u00ed fyziky, kter\u00e1 nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha technologi\u00edch. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se podrobn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a na to, jak tyto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed mechanickou energii na elektrickou a naopak. Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt je vlastnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, jako je k\u0159emen, turmal\u00edn, nebo syntetick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly jako<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26466,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61386","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61386","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61386"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61386\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26466"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61386"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61386"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61386"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}