{"id":61698,"date":"2023-04-21T14:00:08","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T19:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-are-piezoelectric-ceramics-made\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:05:00","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:05:00","slug":"how-are-piezoelectric-ceramics-made","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-are-piezoelectric-ceramics-made\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdroba piezoelektrick\u00fdch keramik: proces a technologie"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelektrick\u00e9 keramiky se staly ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha modern\u00edch technologi\u00ed, od zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed v zapa\u0159ova\u010d\u00edch a\u017e po sofistikovan\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de v l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed.  Proces jejich v\u00fdroby je v\u0161ak komplexn\u00ed a zahrnuje n\u011bkolik kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch krok\u016f.  Pochopen\u00ed t\u011bchto krok\u016f je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 k ocen\u011bn\u00ed jejich jedine\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed a \u0161irok\u00e9ho uplatn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>1. V\u00fdb\u011br a p\u0159\u00edprava surovin<\/h3>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladem piezoelektrick\u00fdch keramik jsou speci\u00e1ln\u00ed keramick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, nej\u010dast\u011bji titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd (BaTiO\u2083) nebo zirkon\u00e1t olovnato-titani\u010dit\u00fd (PZT).  Kvalita fin\u00e1ln\u00edho produktu siln\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na \u010distot\u011b a homogenit\u011b pou\u017eit\u00fdch surovin.  Tyto suroviny se nejprve pe\u010dliv\u011b zv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed a prom\u00edchaj\u00ed v p\u0159esn\u011b definovan\u00e9m pom\u011bru, aby se dos\u00e1hlo po\u017eadovan\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed kone\u010dn\u00e9ho produktu.  D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je i velikost \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00e1 ovliv\u0148uje kone\u010dnou hustotu a mikrostrukturu keramiky.<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Surovina<\/th>\n<th>Chemick\u00fd vzorec<\/th>\n<th>Funkce<\/th>\n<th>Po\u017eadavky na \u010distotu<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Oxid barnat\u00fd<\/td>\n<td>BaO<\/td>\n<td>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017eka titan\u00e1tu barnat\u00e9ho<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oxid titani\u010dit\u00fd<\/td>\n<td>TiO\u2082<\/td>\n<td>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017eka titan\u00e1tu barnat\u00e9ho a PZT<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oxid olovnat\u00fd<\/td>\n<td>PbO<\/td>\n<td>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017eka PZT<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oxid zirkoni\u010dit\u00fd<\/td>\n<td>ZrO\u2082<\/td>\n<td>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017eka PZT<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dopuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsady<\/td>\n<td>R\u016fzn\u00e9<\/td>\n<td>\u00daprava piezoelektrick\u00fdch a dal\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>2. Sm\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed a mlet\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Po zv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed a sm\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed surovin n\u00e1sleduje proces mlet\u00ed, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem je dos\u00e1hnout dokonal\u00e9 homogenity sm\u011bsi na mikroskopick\u00e9 \u00farovni.  To se prov\u00e1d\u00ed pomoc\u00ed kulov\u00fdch ml\u00fdn\u016f, kter\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed keramick\u00fdch kuli\u010dek rozdrt\u00ed a prom\u00edchaj\u00ed suroviny do jemn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1\u0161ku.  Doba mlet\u00ed a intenzita mlet\u00ed se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed podle po\u017eadovan\u00e9 velikosti \u010d\u00e1stic.  D\u016fkladn\u00e9 prom\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed je nezbytn\u00e9 pro dosa\u017een\u00ed uniformn\u00ed mikrostruktury a reprodukovateln\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed kone\u010dn\u00e9ho produktu.  P\u0159\u00eddavek mal\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed organick\u00fdch pojiv usnad\u0148uje proces formov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Formov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Po rozemlet\u00ed se pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e1 sm\u011bs tvaruje do po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho tvaru.  Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metody formov\u00e1n\u00ed zahrnuj\u00ed lisov\u00e1n\u00ed za sucha nebo za mokra.  Lisov\u00e1n\u00ed za sucha se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed tvary, zat\u00edmco lisov\u00e1n\u00ed za mokra umo\u017e\u0148uje vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch geometri\u00ed.  Po formov\u00e1n\u00ed se vzorky su\u0161\u00ed, aby se odstranila p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e1 voda nebo pojivo.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Sintrov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Sintrov\u00e1n\u00ed je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd krok v procesu v\u00fdroby piezoelektrick\u00fdch keramik.  Jedn\u00e1 se o tepeln\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice spojuj\u00ed a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pevnou, kompaktn\u00ed strukturu.  Tento proces prob\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch (obvykle nad 1000 \u00b0C) a umo\u017e\u0148uje dosa\u017een\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9 hustoty a mikrostruktury.  Parametry sintrov\u00e1n\u00ed, jako je teplota, \u010das a atmosf\u00e9ra, se pe\u010dliv\u011b kontroluj\u00ed, aby se dos\u00e1hlo optim\u00e1ln\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed kone\u010dn\u00e9ho produktu.  Nep\u0159esnosti v tomto kroku mohou v\u00e9st k defekt\u016fm a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kvality.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Polarizace<\/h3>\n<p>Po sintrov\u00e1n\u00ed je keramika nepol\u00e1rn\u00ed.  Aby se projevily piezoelektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti, je nutn\u00e9 ji polarizovat.  To se prov\u00e1d\u00ed aplikac\u00ed siln\u00e9ho elektrick\u00e9ho pole p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 teplot\u011b (bl\u00edzko Curieovy teploty materi\u00e1lu).  Toto pole orientuje elektrick\u00e9 dip\u00f3ly v keramice a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed trvalou polarizaci.  Nespr\u00e1vn\u00e1 polarizace m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmu piezoelektrick\u00e9mu koeficientu a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed efektivity.<\/p>\n<h3>6. Elektrodov\u00e9 a kone\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fapravy<\/h3>\n<p>Po polarizaci se na keramiku nan\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed elektrody, obvykle z kov\u016f jako st\u0159\u00edbro nebo zlato.  To umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k elektrick\u00e9mu obvodu.  N\u00e1sleduje fin\u00e1ln\u00ed kontrola a testov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed, jako je piezoelektrick\u00fd koeficient a dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta.  V z\u00e1vislosti na aplikaci mohou n\u00e1sledovat dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fapravy, jako je le\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, brou\u0161en\u00ed nebo pokovov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v\u00fdroba piezoelektrick\u00fdch keramik je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd proces, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje p\u0159esnou kontrolu v\u0161ech krok\u016f.  Od v\u00fdb\u011bru surovin a\u017e po fin\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fapravy je nezbytn\u00e1 vysok\u00e1 preciznost a dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed technologick\u00fdch postup\u016f, aby se dos\u00e1hlo po\u017eadovan\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed a kvality kone\u010dn\u00e9ho produktu.  Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vysoce kvalitn\u00edch surovin a modern\u00edch technologi\u00ed je kl\u00ed\u010dem k v\u00fdrob\u011b spolehliv\u00fdch a efektivn\u00edch piezoelektrick\u00fdch komponent\u016f pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 aplikace.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelektrick\u00e9 keramiky se staly ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha modern\u00edch technologi\u00ed, od zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed v zapa\u0159ova\u010d\u00edch a\u017e po sofistikovan\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de v l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed. Proces jejich v\u00fdroby je v\u0161ak komplexn\u00ed a zahrnuje n\u011bkolik kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch krok\u016f. Pochopen\u00ed t\u011bchto krok\u016f je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 k ocen\u011bn\u00ed jejich jedine\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed a \u0161irok\u00e9ho uplatn\u011bn\u00ed. 1. V\u00fdb\u011br a p\u0159\u00edprava surovin Z\u00e1kladem piezoelektrick\u00fdch keramik jsou speci\u00e1ln\u00ed keramick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20183,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61698","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61698"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61698\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20183"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61698"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}