{"id":61766,"date":"2023-04-21T13:36:07","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T18:36:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/diy-ultrasonic-distance-sensor\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:04:20","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:04:20","slug":"diy-ultrasonic-distance-sensor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/diy-ultrasonic-distance-sensor\/","title":{"rendered":"DIY ultrazvukov\u00fd senzor vzd\u00e1lenosti: N\u00e1vod krok za krokem"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ultrazvukov\u00e9 \u010didlo vzd\u00e1lenosti si m\u016f\u017eete vyrobit sami doma s pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek v\u00e1m krok za krokem uk\u00e1\u017ee, jak na to, a pom\u016f\u017ee v\u00e1m pochopit principy jeho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nau\u010d\u00edte se sestavit funk\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a pochop\u00edte, jak interpretovat nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 data. Je to skv\u011bl\u00fd projekt pro nad\u0161ence do elektroniky a robotiky, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje praktickou aplikaci teoretick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00e9ho \u010didla<\/h3>\n

Ultrazvukov\u00e9 \u010didlo funguje na principu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed doby letu ultrazvukov\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu. \u010cidlo vys\u00edl\u00e1 kr\u00e1tk\u00fd ultrazvukov\u00fd impuls, kter\u00fd se odraz\u00ed od p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky a vr\u00e1t\u00ed se zp\u011bt k p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010di. \u010cas, kter\u00fd sign\u00e1l str\u00e1vil letem tam a zp\u011bt, je \u00fam\u011brn\u00fd vzd\u00e1lenosti k p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ece. Rychlost zvuku ve vzduchu je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 343 m\/s za standardn\u00edch podm\u00ednek, tak\u017ee vzd\u00e1lenost se vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 jako:<\/p>\n

Vzd\u00e1lenost = (Rychlost zvuku * \u010cas) \/ 2<\/code><\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je br\u00e1t v \u00favahu, \u017ee rychlost zvuku se m\u011bn\u00ed s teplotou a vlhkost\u00ed vzduchu. Pro p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 tyto faktory zohlednit, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edt kalibraci.<\/p>\n

Pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1stky<\/h3>\n

Pro stavbu vlastn\u00edho ultrazvukov\u00e9ho \u010didla budete pot\u0159ebovat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Sou\u010d\u00e1stka<\/th>\nPopis<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Ultrazvukov\u00fd modul HC-SR04<\/td>\nModul s vys\u00edla\u010dem a p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010dem ultrazvuku<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Arduino Uno (nebo podobn\u00e9)<\/td>\nMikro\u0159adi\u010d pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Jumper kabely<\/td>\nPro propojen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1stek<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nap\u00e1jec\u00ed zdroj<\/td>\n5V, vhodn\u00e9 pro Arduino a ultrazvukov\u00fd modul<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Breadboard (voliteln\u00e9)<\/td>\nPro snaz\u0161\u00ed zapojen\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Zapojen\u00ed obvodu<\/h3>\n

Zapojen\u00ed je pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00e9. Ultrazvukov\u00fd modul HC-SR04 m\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159i piny: VCC, GND, TRIG a ECHO. VCC a GND se p\u0159ipoj\u00ed k nap\u00e1jec\u00edmu zdroji (5V a GND), TRIG k digit\u00e1ln\u00edmu p\u00ednu na Arduinu a ECHO k jin\u00e9mu digit\u00e1ln\u00edmu p\u00ednu. Pro p\u0159esn\u00e9 zapojen\u00ed doporu\u010dujeme konzultovat datasheet k va\u0161emu ultrazvukov\u00e9mu modulu. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pou\u017eit\u00ed modulu od firmy Beijing Ultrasonic, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 dodr\u017eovat specifick\u00e9 instrukce uveden\u00e9 v dokumentaci.<\/p>\n

Programov\u00e1n\u00ed Arduina<\/h3>\n

Program pro Arduino bude \u010d\u00edst hodnotu z p\u00ednu ECHO a vypo\u010d\u00edtat vzd\u00e1lenost na z\u00e1klad\u011b doby letu. K\u00f3d bude zahrnovat funkci pro vysl\u00e1n\u00ed impulzu na pin TRIG a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed doby, po kterou je pin ECHO v high stavu. Toto m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed se pak pou\u017eije k v\u00fdpo\u010dtu vzd\u00e1lenosti podle vzorce uveden\u00e9ho v\u00fd\u0161e. K dispozici je mnoho p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f k\u00f3d\u016f online, kter\u00e9 lze upravit dle va\u0161ich pot\u0159eb.<\/p>\n

Kalibrace a ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Po sestaven\u00ed a naprogramov\u00e1n\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u010didlo zkalibrovat a ov\u011b\u0159it jeho p\u0159esnost. M\u016f\u017eete to prov\u00e9st porovn\u00e1n\u00edm nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch hodnot s m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm pomoc\u00ed prav\u00edtka nebo p\u00e1sma. Vliv teploty a vlhkosti je nutn\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017eit. V z\u00e1vislosti na podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch prost\u0159ed\u00ed a p\u0159esnosti po\u017eadovan\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nutn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed kalibraci.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e9 aplikace<\/h3>\n

Vlastnoru\u010dn\u011b vyroben\u00e9 ultrazvukov\u00e9 \u010didlo m\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00e9 mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed. M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eito v robotick\u00fdch projektech pro detekci p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek, v automatizaci pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed, nebo v r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch aplikac\u00edch. Jeho jednoduchost a n\u00edzk\u00e1 cena z n\u011bj d\u011blaj\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1stroj pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 experimenty a projekty.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdroba vlastn\u00edho ultrazvukov\u00e9ho \u010didla je z\u00e1bavn\u00fd a pou\u010dn\u00fd projekt, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje hlub\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed princip\u016f m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti pomoc\u00ed ultrazvuku. Dodr\u017een\u00edm pokyn\u016f v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku si m\u016f\u017eete sami sestavit funk\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a vyu\u017e\u00edt ho v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch aplikac\u00edch.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ultrazvukov\u00e9 \u010didlo vzd\u00e1lenosti si m\u016f\u017eete vyrobit sami doma s pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek v\u00e1m krok za krokem uk\u00e1\u017ee, jak na to, a pom\u016f\u017ee v\u00e1m pochopit principy jeho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nau\u010d\u00edte se sestavit funk\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a pochop\u00edte, jak interpretovat nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 data. Je to skv\u011bl\u00fd projekt pro nad\u0161ence do elektroniky a robotiky, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje praktickou aplikaci teoretick\u00fdch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26464,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61766","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61766","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61766"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61766\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26464"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61766"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61766"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61766"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}