{"id":62596,"date":"2023-04-21T12:15:01","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T17:15:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/can-crystals-produce-electricity\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:01:51","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:01:51","slug":"can-crystals-produce-electricity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/can-crystals-produce-electricity\/","title":{"rendered":"Krystaly a elekt\u0159ina: zdroj energie budoucnosti?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Mohou krystaly produkovat elekt\u0159inu? Ot\u00e1zka, kter\u00e1 na prvn\u00ed pohled zn\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e jako z oblasti fantasy rom\u00e1n\u016f, ne\u017e v\u011bdeck\u00e9 diskuse, ve skute\u010dnosti skr\u00fdv\u00e1 fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011bt piezoelekt\u0159iny a dal\u0161\u00edch jev\u016f.  I kdy\u017e krystaly samy o sob\u011b neprodukuj\u00ed elekt\u0159inu v klasick\u00e9m smyslu, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad baterie, existuj\u00ed mechanismy, d\u00edky nim\u017e je mo\u017en\u00e9 z nich elekt\u0159inu z\u00edskat.  Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na typu krystalu a zp\u016fsobu, jak\u00fdm s n\u00edm manipulujeme.<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev je schopnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystal\u016f generovat elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159i mechanick\u00e9m nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed, jako je tlak, tah nebo smykov\u00e1 s\u00edla.  Tento jev je reverzibiln\u00ed, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee aplikovan\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 pole m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit mechanickou deformaci krystalu.  Mezi nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly pat\u0159\u00ed k\u0159emen (SiO2), turmal\u00edn a titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd (BaTiO3).  Intenzita generovan\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na vlastnostech materi\u00e1lu, velikosti a tvaru krystalu a s\u00edle aplikovan\u00e9 s\u00edly.<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Krystal<\/th>\n<th>Chemick\u00fd vzorec<\/th>\n<th>Piezoelektrick\u00e1 konstanta (pC\/N)<\/th>\n<th>Aplikace<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>K\u0159emen<\/td>\n<td>SiO2<\/td>\n<td>2,3<\/td>\n<td>Hodiny, senzory, filtry<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Turmal\u00edn<\/td>\n<td>(Na,Ca)(Li,Mg,Al)3(Al,Cr,Fe)6(BO3)3(Si6O18)(OH,F)4<\/td>\n<td>1-10<\/td>\n<td>Senzory, pyroelektrick\u00e9 detektory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd<\/td>\n<td>BaTiO3<\/td>\n<td>190<\/td>\n<td>Ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny, senzory, kondenz\u00e1tory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Pyroelektrick\u00fd jev: Teplo a elekt\u0159ina<\/p>\n<p>Podobn\u00fdm jevem je pyroelekt\u0159ina, kde krystal generuje elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj v reakci na zm\u011bnu teploty.  Tato vlastnost je spojena s asymetrickou distribuc\u00ed n\u00e1boje v krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece.  Mnoho piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f vykazuje i pyroelektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti.  Pyroelektrick\u00e9 senzory se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad v infra\u010derven\u00fdch detektorech.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed vs. syntetick\u00e9 krystaly<\/p>\n<p>Elektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti krystal\u016f se li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na tom, zda se jedn\u00e1 o p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed nebo synteticky vyroben\u00e9 krystaly. Syntetick\u00e9 krystaly se obvykle vyzna\u010duj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u010distotou a p\u0159esn\u011b definovanou strukturou, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje optimalizaci jejich piezoelektrick\u00fdch a pyroelektrick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed.  Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, i p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed krystaly mohou b\u00fdt zdrojem elekt\u0159iny, i kdy\u017e v men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e a s ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed efektivitou.<\/p>\n<p>Praktick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00e9 krystaly nach\u00e1zej\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha technologi\u00edch.  Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se v za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch jako jsou zapalova\u010de, senzory tlaku a zrychlen\u00ed, ultrazvukov\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de (nap\u0159. v medic\u00edn\u011b pro zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed a terapii), a v piezoelektrick\u00fdch gener\u00e1torech energie.  Tyto gener\u00e1tory, i kdy\u017e zat\u00edm maj\u00ed omezenou efektivitu, slibuj\u00ed budoucnost, kde by se elekt\u0159ina mohla z\u00edsk\u00e1vat z mechanick\u00fdch vibrac\u00ed okol\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad z pohybu lid\u00ed nebo aut.<\/p>\n<p>Omezen\u00ed a v\u00fdzvy<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159esto\u017ee piezoelektrick\u00fd jev otev\u00edr\u00e1 zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 mo\u017enosti pro v\u00fdrobu energie, existuj\u00ed i \u200b\u200bomezen\u00ed.  Hlavn\u00ed nev\u00fdhodou je n\u00edzk\u00e1 hustota energie, kterou lze z krystal\u016f z\u00edskat.  V\u00fdvoj efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch piezoelektrick\u00fdch gener\u00e1tor\u016f je proto oblast\u00ed intenzivn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n<p>Krystaly samy o sob\u011b nejsou zdrojem elekt\u0159iny ve stejn\u00e9m smyslu jako baterie nebo gener\u00e1tory.  Av\u0161ak d\u00edky piezoelektrick\u00e9mu a pyroelektrick\u00e9mu jevu je mo\u017en\u00e9 z nich elekt\u0159inu z\u00edskat.  Tento jev nach\u00e1z\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00edce aplikac\u00ed v technologi\u00edch, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m usnad\u0148uj\u00ed \u017eivot a otev\u00edraj\u00ed cestu k nov\u00fdm zdroj\u016fm energie.  Pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum v t\u00e9to oblasti slibuje dal\u0161\u00ed inovace a zlep\u0161en\u00ed efektivity p\u0159em\u011bny mechanick\u00e9 energie na elektrickou pomoc\u00ed krystal\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mohou krystaly produkovat elekt\u0159inu? Ot\u00e1zka, kter\u00e1 na prvn\u00ed pohled zn\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e jako z oblasti fantasy rom\u00e1n\u016f, ne\u017e v\u011bdeck\u00e9 diskuse, ve skute\u010dnosti skr\u00fdv\u00e1 fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011bt piezoelekt\u0159iny a dal\u0161\u00edch jev\u016f. I kdy\u017e krystaly samy o sob\u011b neprodukuj\u00ed elekt\u0159inu v klasick\u00e9m smyslu, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad baterie, existuj\u00ed mechanismy, d\u00edky nim\u017e je mo\u017en\u00e9 z nich elekt\u0159inu z\u00edskat. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na typu<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26468,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62596","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62596","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62596"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62596\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26468"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62596"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62596"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62596"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}