{"id":62696,"date":"2022-10-09T09:04:44","date_gmt":"2022-10-09T14:04:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/all-about-piezoelectric-materials\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:01:37","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:01:37","slug":"all-about-piezoelectric-materials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/all-about-piezoelectric-materials\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezoelektrick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly: vlastnosti a vyu\u017eit\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelektrick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed oblast materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 v\u011bdy s \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem aplikac\u00ed v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblastech lidsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Jejich jedine\u010dn\u00e1 vlastnost \u2013 schopnost p\u0159em\u011b\u0148ovat mechanickou energii na elektrickou a naopak \u2013 otev\u00edr\u00e1 dve\u0159e k inovativn\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm v energetice, senzorice, aktu\u00e1torech a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch oborech.  Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se podrobn\u011bji zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na jejich vlastnosti, typy a vyu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Historie a objev piezoelektrick\u00e9ho jevu<\/p>\n<p>Objev piezoelektrick\u00e9ho jevu se datuje do roku 1880, kdy Pierre a Jacques Curie objevili, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 krystalick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, jako je k\u0159emen, generuj\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 n\u00e1boje p\u0159i mechanick\u00e9 deformaci. Tento jev, nazvan\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt, je zalo\u017een na asymetrick\u00e9 krystalov\u00e9 struktu\u0159e t\u011bchto materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje vznik elektrick\u00e9ho dip\u00f3lu p\u0159i mechanick\u00e9m nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed. Objev piezoelektrick\u00e9ho jevu otev\u0159el cestu k v\u00fdvoji \u0161irok\u00e9ho spektra aplikac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se neust\u00e1le roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Druhy piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly se d\u011bl\u00ed na n\u011bkolik kategori\u00ed, z nich\u017e nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Keramick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly:<\/strong>  Nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 piezoelektrick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd (BaTiO\u2083) a zirkon\u00e1t olovnato-titani\u010dit\u00fd (PZT). PZT vynik\u00e1 vysokou piezoelektrickou konstantou, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee generuje v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1boj p\u0159i stejn\u00e9 deformaci.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jednokrystalick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly:<\/strong>  K\u0159emen (SiO\u2082) je p\u0159\u00edkladem p\u0159irozen\u011b se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edho piezoelektrick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd se vyzna\u010duje vysokou stabilitou a p\u0159esnost\u00ed.  Um\u011ble p\u011bstovan\u00e9 single-krystaly, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad langasit (La\u2083Ga\u2085SiO\u2081\u2084), nab\u00edzej\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnost.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Polymern\u00ed materi\u00e1ly:<\/strong>  Polyvinylidenfluorid (PVDF) a jeho kopolymery jsou flexibiln\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9 polymery s n\u00edzkou hustotou a dobrou zpracovatelnost\u00ed.  Jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro aplikace, kde je pot\u0159eba tenk\u00fd a ohebn\u00fd senzor.<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Kompozitn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly:<\/strong>  Kombinuj\u00ed vlastnosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f pro dosa\u017een\u00ed specifick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed.  Nap\u0159\u00edklad kombinace keramick\u00fdch a polymern\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k materi\u00e1lu s vysokou piezoelektrickou aktivitou a dobrou mechanickou odolnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Materi\u00e1l<br \/>\nPiezoelektrick\u00e1 konstanta (pC\/N)<br \/>\nHustota (g\/cm\u00b3)<br \/>\nAplikace<\/p>\n<p>PZT<br \/>\n100-800<br \/>\n7-8<br \/>\nAk\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny, senzory, ultrazvukov\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje<\/p>\n<p>BaTiO\u2083<br \/>\n100-200<br \/>\n5-6<br \/>\nKondenz\u00e1tory, senzory<\/p>\n<p>K\u0159emen<br \/>\n2-3<br \/>\n2.65<br \/>\nHodiny, frekven\u010dn\u00ed filtry, senzory<\/p>\n<p>PVDF<br \/>\n-30 a\u017e -40<br \/>\n1.78<br \/>\nHydrofony, senzory tlaku<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Aplikace piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly nach\u00e1zej\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9m spektru oblast\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ultrazvukov\u00e9 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 transduc\u00e9ry se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k generov\u00e1n\u00ed a detekci ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch pro zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f.  Pou\u017eit\u00ed vysoce kvalitn\u00edch piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro dosa\u017een\u00ed vysok\u00e9ho rozli\u0161en\u00ed a kvality obrazu.  P\u0159\u00edkladem je vyu\u017eit\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fdch prvk\u016f v za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch od firmy Beijing Ultrasonic.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Senzory:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku, zrychlen\u00ed, s\u00edly a dal\u0161\u00edch fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch veli\u010din.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 aktu\u00e1tory umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9 a rychl\u00e9 polohov\u00e1n\u00ed s vysokou rozli\u0161ovac\u00ed schopnost\u00ed.  Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se v mikroskopii, optice a dal\u0161\u00edch p\u0159esn\u00fdch technologi\u00edch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zapalova\u010de:<\/strong>  K\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd krystal se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k generov\u00e1n\u00ed jiskry pro zap\u00e1len\u00ed plynu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Energie sklizn\u011b:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 gener\u00e1tory mohou sb\u00edrat mechanickou energii z vibrac\u00ed a p\u0159em\u011b\u0148ovat ji na elektrickou energii.  Toto m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed mal\u00fdch elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u00fdzkum a v\u00fdvoj<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdzkum v oblasti piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f pokra\u010duje intenzivn\u011b.  Zam\u011b\u0159uje se na v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed piezoelektrickou konstantou, lep\u0161\u00ed stabilitou a odolnost\u00ed proti st\u00e1rnut\u00ed.  D\u00e1le se zkoum\u00e1 optimalizace v\u00fdrobn\u00edch proces\u016f pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed n\u00e1klad\u016f a zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality.<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou technologii s velk\u00fdm potenci\u00e1lem pro budoucnost.  Jejich vlastnosti a \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum aplikac\u00ed zaru\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee budou hr\u00e1t st\u00e1le d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed roli v mnoha oblastech v\u011bdy a techniky.  Pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum a inovace povedou k dal\u0161\u00edm pr\u016flom\u016fm a nov\u00fdm aplikac\u00edm v tomto dynamick\u00e9m oboru.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelektrick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed oblast materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 v\u011bdy s \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem aplikac\u00ed v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblastech lidsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Jejich jedine\u010dn\u00e1 vlastnost \u2013 schopnost p\u0159em\u011b\u0148ovat mechanickou energii na elektrickou a naopak \u2013 otev\u00edr\u00e1 dve\u0159e k inovativn\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm v energetice, senzorice, aktu\u00e1torech a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch oborech. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se podrobn\u011bji zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na jejich vlastnosti, typy a vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Historie a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4848,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62696","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62696","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62696"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62696\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4848"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62696"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62696"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}