{"id":62756,"date":"2022-10-04T13:39:28","date_gmt":"2022-10-04T18:39:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/an-overview-of-piezoelectricity\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:01:38","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:01:38","slug":"an-overview-of-piezoelectricity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/an-overview-of-piezoelectricity\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezoelekt\u0159ina: P\u0159ehled princip\u016f a aplikac\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelekt\u0159ina je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed jev, kter\u00fd spojuje mechanick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed s elektrick\u00fdm n\u00e1bojem.  Tento efekt, objeven\u00fd v roce 1880 bratry Curie, nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v modern\u00ed technologii, od zapalova\u010d\u016f a\u017e po vysoce sofistikovan\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje.  Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek poskytuje detailn\u00ed p\u0159ehled tohoto fenom\u00e9nu.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip piezoelekt\u0159iny<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt popisuje schopnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f generovat elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v reakci na mechanick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed (p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt) a naopak, m\u011bnit sv\u016fj tvar v reakci na aplikovan\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 pole (obr\u00e1cen\u00fd piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt).  Tento efekt je zp\u016fsoben asymetri\u00ed krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje posunut\u00ed iont\u016f v reakci na mechanick\u00e9 s\u00edly, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed elektrick\u00fd dip\u00f3l a n\u00e1sledn\u011b makroskopick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed.  Kl\u00ed\u010dovou vlastnost\u00ed je absence centra symetrie v krystalov\u00e9 struktu\u0159e.  Materi\u00e1ly vykazuj\u00edc\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed piezoelektrika.<\/p>\n<p>Druhy piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/p>\n<p>Existuje \u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi vlastnostmi a aplikacemi.  Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi jsou keramick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd (BaTiO\u2083) a zirkon\u00e1t olovnat\u00fd titan\u00e1t (PZT).  PZT je zn\u00e1m\u00fd svou vysokou piezoelektrickou konstantou a \u0161irok\u00fdm rozsahem provozn\u00edch teplot.  Krom\u011b keramiky se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i n\u011bkter\u00e9 polymery, jako je polyvinylidenfluorid (PVDF), kter\u00e9 vykazuj\u00ed flexibilitu a n\u00edzkou hustotu.  N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka shrnuje n\u011bkter\u00e9 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 vlastnosti vybran\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f:<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Materi\u00e1l<\/th>\n<th>Chemick\u00fd vzorec<\/th>\n<th>Piezoelektrick\u00e1 konstanta (pC\/N)<\/th>\n<th>Hustota (g\/cm\u00b3)<\/th>\n<th>Teplotn\u00ed stabilita<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd<\/td>\n<td>BaTiO\u2083<\/td>\n<td>190<\/td>\n<td>5,8<\/td>\n<td>St\u0159edn\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Zirkon\u00e1t olovnat\u00fd titan\u00e1t (PZT)<\/td>\n<td>Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O\u2083<\/td>\n<td>200-700<\/td>\n<td>7,5<\/td>\n<td>Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Polyvinylidenfluorid (PVDF)<\/td>\n<td>(CH\u2082CF\u2082)\u2099<\/td>\n<td>-30 a\u017e -50<\/td>\n<td>1,78<\/td>\n<td>N\u00edzk\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aplikace piezoelekt\u0159iny<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech.  Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ultrazvukov\u00e1 technologie:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 krystaly se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k generov\u00e1n\u00ed a detekci ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln v r\u016fzn\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch, jako je ultrazvukov\u00e9 \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, nedestruktivn\u00ed testov\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1l\u016f, a l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 diagnostika (ultrazvukov\u00e9 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed).  P\u0159esn\u00e9 vlastnosti ultrazvukov\u00fdch p\u0159evodn\u00edk\u016f jsou kritick\u00e9 pro kvalitu obrazu.  V tomto sektoru se uplat\u0148uj\u00ed i vysoce specializovan\u00e9 produkty od firem jako je Beijing Ultrasonic.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zapalova\u010de:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 krystaly se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k generov\u00e1n\u00ed vysok\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed pro zap\u00e1len\u00ed plynu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Senzory:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 senzory se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku, zrychlen\u00ed, s\u00edly a dal\u0161\u00edch mechanick\u00fdch veli\u010din.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny:<\/strong>  Piezoelektrick\u00e9 ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v p\u0159esn\u00fdch polohovac\u00edch syst\u00e9mech, inkoustov\u00fdch tisk\u00e1rn\u00e1ch a jin\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159esn\u00e9 a rychl\u00e9 pohyby.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Energie skl\u00edzen\u00ed:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 gener\u00e1tory se zkoumaj\u00ed pro skl\u00edzen\u00ed mechanick\u00e9 energie z vibrac\u00ed a p\u0159em\u011bnu na elektrickou energii.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelektrick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly nab\u00edzej\u00ed mnoho v\u00fdhod, jako je vysok\u00e1 citlivost, rychl\u00e1 odezva a kompaktn\u00ed design.  Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, existuj\u00ed i nev\u00fdhody, jako je relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1 mechanick\u00e1 pevnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a omezen\u00e1 \u017eivotnost p\u0159i vysok\u00e9m zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Piezoelekt\u0159ina p\u0159edstavuje fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed oblast fyziky s \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem aplikac\u00ed.  Jej\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj a v\u00fdzkum slibuje dal\u0161\u00ed inovace a pokroky v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oborech, od medic\u00edny a\u017e po energetiku.  Pochopen\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch princip\u016f piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto materi\u00e1l\u016f v modern\u00ed technologii.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Piezoelekt\u0159ina je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed jev, kter\u00fd spojuje mechanick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed s elektrick\u00fdm n\u00e1bojem. Tento efekt, objeven\u00fd v roce 1880 bratry Curie, nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v modern\u00ed technologii, od zapalova\u010d\u016f a\u017e po vysoce sofistikovan\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek poskytuje detailn\u00ed p\u0159ehled tohoto fenom\u00e9nu. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip piezoelekt\u0159iny Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt popisuje schopnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f generovat elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v reakci<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4869,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62756","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62756"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62756\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4869"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62756"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62756"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}