{"id":62761,"date":"2022-10-03T18:53:36","date_gmt":"2022-10-03T23:53:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-ultrasonic-transducers-work\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:14:25","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:14:25","slug":"how-ultrasonic-transducers-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-ultrasonic-transducers-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Ultrazvukov\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de: princip funkce a vyu\u017eit\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ultrazvukov\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de, neboli transduc\u00e9ry, jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi komponentami mnoha aplikac\u00ed, od l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 diagnostiky a\u017e po pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 procesy. Fungov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je zalo\u017eeno na principu piezoelektrick\u00e9ho jevu, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159evod elektrick\u00e9 energie na mechanick\u00e9 vibrace (ultrazvuk) a naopak. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se podrobn\u011bji zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na principy jejich \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev a jeho role<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladem funkce ultrazvukov\u00e9ho sn\u00edma\u010de je piezoelektrick\u00fd materi\u00e1l, obvykle keramika, nap\u0159\u00edklad titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd (BaTiO\u2083) nebo zirkon\u00e1t olovnato-titani\u010dit\u00fd (PZT). Tento materi\u00e1l m\u00e1 unik\u00e1tn\u00ed vlastnost: p\u0159i aplikaci elektrick\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed se jeho rozm\u011bry m\u011bn\u00ed, a naopak, p\u0159i mechanick\u00e9 deformaci generuje elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj. V ultrazvukov\u00e9m sn\u00edma\u010di je piezoelektrick\u00fd materi\u00e1l tvarov\u00e1n do specifick\u00fdch konfigurac\u00ed, aby optimalizoval generaci a p\u0159\u00edjem ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln. Intenzita a frekvence generovan\u00e9ho ultrazvuku z\u00e1vis\u00ed na velikosti a tvaru piezoelektrick\u00e9ho prvku, stejn\u011b jako na aplikovan\u00e9m nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Konstrukce ultrazvukov\u00e9ho sn\u00edma\u010de<\/p>\n

Typick\u00fd ultrazvukov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z n\u011bkolika kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u010c\u00e1st sn\u00edma\u010de<\/th>\nFunkce<\/th>\nMateri\u00e1l<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Piezoelektrick\u00fd prvek<\/td>\nGenerace a p\u0159\u00edjem ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln<\/td>\nPZT, BaTiO\u2083<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ochrann\u00fd kryt<\/td>\nOchrana piezoelektrick\u00e9ho prvku p\u0159ed po\u0161kozen\u00edm<\/td>\nKov, plast<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tlum\u00edc\u00ed vrstva<\/td>\nSni\u017euje ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed vibrace<\/td>\nPrysky\u0159ice, guma<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Akustick\u00fd impedance matching layer<\/td>\nOptimalizace p\u0159enosu ultrazvukov\u00e9 energie do m\u00e9dia<\/td>\nR\u016fzn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, dle aplikace<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kabel\u00e1\u017e<\/td>\nP\u0159enos elektrick\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu<\/td>\nM\u011b\u010f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

R\u016fzn\u00e9 typy ultrazvukov\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f<\/p>\n

Existuje mnoho typ\u016f ultrazvukov\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed v designu, frekvenci a aplikaci. Mezi nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Kontaktn\u00ed sn\u00edma\u010de:<\/strong> P\u0159\u00edm\u00fd kontakt se zkouman\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se nap\u0159\u00edklad v ultrazvukov\u00e9 defektoskopii.<\/li>\n
  • Immerzn\u00ed sn\u00edma\u010de:<\/strong> Ponorn\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de pracuj\u00ed v kapalin\u011b, kter\u00e1 zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159enos ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se v l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed a pr\u016fmyslu.<\/li>\n
  • Air-coupled sn\u00edma\u010de:<\/strong> P\u0159enos ultrazvuku prob\u00edh\u00e1 vzduchem. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ky materi\u00e1lu nebo detekci trhlin na povrchu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Princip generace a detekce ultrazvuku<\/p>\n

    Kdy\u017e je na piezoelektrick\u00fd prvek p\u0159ivedeno kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 impulsy, prvek se rozkmit\u00e1 a generuje ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlny. Tyto vlny se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed do okoln\u00edho m\u00e9dia a odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed se od rozhran\u00ed mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi materi\u00e1ly. Odra\u017een\u00e9 vlny jsou pak sn\u00edma\u010dem detekov\u00e1ny a p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bny zp\u011bt na elektrick\u00fd sign\u00e1l. Anal\u00fdzou tohoto sign\u00e1lu, nap\u0159\u00edklad jeho doby pr\u016fchodu a amplitudy, lze z\u00edskat informace o vlastnostech zkouman\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, jako je jeho tlou\u0161\u0165ka, hustota nebo p\u0159\u00edtomnost vad.<\/p>\n

    Aplikace ultrazvukov\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f<\/p>\n

    Ultrazvukov\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de nach\u00e1zej\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech, nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 diagnostika:<\/strong> ultrazvukov\u00e9 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed (sonografie)<\/li>\n
    • Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 defektoskopie:<\/strong> detekce vad v materi\u00e1lech<\/li>\n
    • M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ky materi\u00e1lu:<\/strong> kontrola kvality v\u00fdrobk\u016f<\/li>\n
    • \u010ci\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ultrazvukem:<\/strong> odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u010distot z povrch\u016f<\/li>\n
    • Senzory vzd\u00e1lenosti:<\/strong> m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti k objekt\u016fm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee ultrazvukov\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de jsou vysoce univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jejich\u017e principy fungov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou zalo\u017eeny na piezoelektrick\u00e9m jevu a umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum aplikac\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Pochopen\u00ed t\u011bchto princip\u016f je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed a interpretaci v\u00fdsledk\u016f m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch pomoc\u00ed t\u011bchto sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Ultrazvukov\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de, neboli transduc\u00e9ry, jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi komponentami mnoha aplikac\u00ed, od l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 diagnostiky a\u017e po pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 procesy. Fungov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je zalo\u017eeno na principu piezoelektrick\u00e9ho jevu, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159evod elektrick\u00e9 energie na mechanick\u00e9 vibrace (ultrazvuk) a naopak. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se podrobn\u011bji zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na principy jejich \u010dinnosti. Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev a jeho role Z\u00e1kladem funkce ultrazvukov\u00e9ho sn\u00edma\u010de je<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":264,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62761","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62761","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62761"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62761\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/264"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62761"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62761"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62761"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}