{"id":63271,"date":"2022-07-05T20:43:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T01:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/what-does-cavitation-mean\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:16:20","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:16:20","slug":"what-does-cavitation-mean","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/what-does-cavitation-mean\/","title":{"rendered":"Kavitaci: Definice, p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a d\u016fsledky"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Kavitaci si lze jednodu\u0161e p\u0159edstavit jako vznik a imploze bublin v kapalin\u011b.  Tento jev, zd\u00e1nliv\u011b jednoduch\u00fd, m\u00e1 v\u0161ak \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech techniky a p\u0159\u00edrody.  Jeho pochopen\u00ed vy\u017eaduje detailn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pohled na fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed procesy, kter\u00e9 jej \u0159\u00edd\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed podstata kaviatace<\/h3>\n<p>Kavitaci zp\u016fsobuje lok\u00e1ln\u00ed pokles tlaku v kapalin\u011b pod jej\u00ed parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak p\u00e1ry.  Tento pokles tlaku m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsoben r\u016fzn\u00fdmi faktory, nej\u010dast\u011bji pohybem kapaliny vysokou rychlost\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad v bl\u00edzkosti rotuj\u00edc\u00edho vrtule lodn\u00ed \u0161roubu, nebo ultrazvukov\u00fdmi vlnami.  V m\u00edst\u011b, kde tlak klesne pod parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak p\u00e1ry, se za\u010dne kapalina odpa\u0159ovat a vzniknou drobn\u00e9 bubliny p\u00e1ry \u2013 kavita\u010dn\u00ed bubliny.  Tyto bubliny se n\u00e1sledn\u011b pohybuj\u00ed s kapalinou, a pokud se dostanou do oblasti s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm tlakem, imploduj\u00ed \u2013 prudce se zhrout\u00ed.  Tato imploze je doprov\u00e1zena uvoln\u011bn\u00edm zna\u010dn\u00e9 energie ve form\u011b r\u00e1zov\u00fdch vln a vysok\u00fdch teplot.<\/p>\n<h3>Druhy kaviatace<\/h3>\n<p>Kavitaci lze rozd\u011blit do n\u011bkolika typ\u016f v z\u00e1vislosti na p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u011b a charakteru jej\u00edho vzniku:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kavitaci v kapalin\u00e1ch:<\/strong> Tento typ je nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a vyskytuje se nap\u0159\u00edklad u lopatek turb\u00edn, \u010derpadel a lodn\u00edch \u0161roub\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Akustick\u00e1 kavitace:<\/strong>  Vznik\u00e1 p\u016fsoben\u00edm ultrazvuku.  Intenzivn\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlny vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed v kapalin\u011b oblasti s n\u00edzk\u00fdm tlakem, kde doch\u00e1z\u00ed k tvorb\u011b a implozi kavita\u010dn\u00edch bublin.  Tato metoda nach\u00e1z\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v ultrazvukov\u00e9 \u010dist\u011bn\u00ed, ultrazvukov\u00e9 medic\u00edn\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edch oblastech.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kavitaci v pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch:<\/strong>  Tento typ kaviatace je m\u00e9n\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00fd a zahrnuje vznik a implozi p\u00f3r\u016f v pevn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech pod vlivem cyklick\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Typ kaviatace<\/th>\n<th>P\u0159\u00ed\u010dina<\/th>\n<th>Uplatn\u011bn\u00ed<\/th>\n<th>Ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Kavitaci v kapalin\u00e1ch<\/td>\n<td>Rychl\u00fd pohyb kapaliny<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>Eroze povrch\u016f, hluk, vibrace<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Akustick\u00e1 kavitace<\/td>\n<td>Ultrazvuk<\/td>\n<td>\u010ci\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, medic\u00edna<\/td>\n<td>M\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 ne\u017e u kaviatace v kapalin\u00e1ch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kavitaci v pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch<\/td>\n<td>Cyklick\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>Zni\u010den\u00ed materi\u00e1lu, \u00fanava<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Aplikace kaviatace<\/h3>\n<p>Kavitaci lze vyu\u017e\u00edt v mnoha oblastech.  Jej\u00ed destruktivn\u00ed s\u00edla se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad v ultrazvukov\u00fdch \u010disti\u010dk\u00e1ch, kde imploze bublin odstra\u0148uje ne\u010distoty z povrchu p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f.  V medic\u00edn\u011b se kavitace vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad v ultrazvukov\u00e9 terapii a p\u0159i litotripsi (drcen\u00ed ledvinov\u00fdch kamen\u016f).  Na druhou stranu, kavitaci je nutn\u00e9 se vyhnout v mnoha technick\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch, kde m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k erozi povrch\u016f, hluku a vibrac\u00edm, nap\u0159\u00edklad v hydraulick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech nebo u lodn\u00edch \u0161roub\u016f.  Pou\u017eit\u00ed ultrazvuku v pr\u016fmyslu, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stek, \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 princip akustick\u00e9 kaviatace.  Precizn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed intenzity ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro efektivitu a prevenci ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f.  V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech je nutn\u00e9 optimalizovat design za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed tak, aby se minimalizoval vznik kaviatace.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee kavitaci je komplexn\u00ed jev s v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi pozitivn\u00edmi i negativn\u00edmi d\u016fsledky.  Jej\u00ed pochopen\u00ed je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed v technick\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch a pro prevenci \u0161kodliv\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f v r\u016fzn\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch.  D\u016fkladn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza podm\u00ednek, za kter\u00fdch kavitaci vznik\u00e1, je nezbytn\u00e1 pro jej\u00ed efektivn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a kontrolu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kavitaci si lze jednodu\u0161e p\u0159edstavit jako vznik a imploze bublin v kapalin\u011b. Tento jev, zd\u00e1nliv\u011b jednoduch\u00fd, m\u00e1 v\u0161ak \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech techniky a p\u0159\u00edrody. Jeho pochopen\u00ed vy\u017eaduje detailn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pohled na fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed procesy, kter\u00e9 jej \u0159\u00edd\u00ed. Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed podstata kaviatace Kavitaci zp\u016fsobuje lok\u00e1ln\u00ed pokles tlaku v kapalin\u011b pod jej\u00ed parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak p\u00e1ry. Tento pokles tlaku<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20115,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-63271","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63271","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=63271"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63271\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20115"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63271"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=63271"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=63271"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}