{"id":63371,"date":"2022-06-22T06:24:50","date_gmt":"2022-06-22T11:24:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/how-do-piezoelectric-crystals-work-in-generating-electricity\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:05:24","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:05:24","slug":"how-do-piezoelectric-crystals-work-in-generating-electricity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/how-do-piezoelectric-crystals-work-in-generating-electricity\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezokrystalick\u00fd jev: Generace elekt\u0159iny"},"content":{"rendered":"

Piezokrystalick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed oblast fyziky a materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 v\u011bdy, nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch technologi\u00edch. Jednou z jejich kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed je piezoelektrick\u00fd jev, d\u00edky n\u011bmu\u017e mohou generovat elekt\u0159inu v reakci na mechanick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se detailn\u011bji zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na mechanismus tohoto jevu a proces generov\u00e1n\u00ed elekt\u0159iny v piezokrystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech.<\/p>\n

Struktura a vlastnosti piezokrystal\u016f<\/p>\n

Piezokrystaly, typicky k\u0159emenn\u00fd p\u00edsek (k\u0159emen), keramika (nap\u0159. PZT \u2013 zirkon\u00e1t olovnat\u00fd titani\u010dit\u00fd) nebo n\u011bkter\u00e9 polymery, se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed specifickou krystalickou strukturou, kter\u00e1 je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 pro jejich piezoelektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti. Atomy v t\u011bchto krystalech jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny asymetricky, co\u017e vede k existenci permanentn\u00edho elektrick\u00e9ho dip\u00f3lu v element\u00e1rn\u00edch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky. Bez vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho mechanick\u00e9ho vlivu jsou tyto dip\u00f3ly orientov\u00e1ny n\u00e1hodn\u011b, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se jejich celkov\u00fd elektrick\u00fd efekt vyru\u0161\u00ed. Aplikace mechanick\u00e9ho tlaku (nap\u0159. stla\u010den\u00ed, nata\u017een\u00ed, ohyb) v\u0161ak zm\u011bn\u00ed rozm\u011bry krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky a t\u00edm i orientaci dip\u00f3l\u016f, co\u017e vede k makroskopick\u00e9 polarizaci a vzniku elektrick\u00e9ho pole.<\/p>\n

Mechanismus generov\u00e1n\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 energie<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e je piezokrystal vystaven mechanick\u00e9mu nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k deformaci jeho krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky. Tato deformace ovliv\u0148uje orientaci elektrick\u00fdch dip\u00f3l\u016f v element\u00e1rn\u00edch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch, a to zp\u016fsobem z\u00e1visl\u00fdm na sm\u011bru a velikosti mechanick\u00e9ho nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed. Pokud je deformace dostate\u010dn\u00e1, v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 polarizace generuje na povrchu krystalu elektrick\u00e9 n\u00e1boje opa\u010dn\u00fdch polarit. Tyto n\u00e1boje vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lze n\u00e1sledn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho proudu, pokud je krystal p\u0159ipojen k vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu obvodu. Intenzita generovan\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na n\u011bkolika faktorech, v\u010detn\u011b typu materi\u00e1lu, velikosti a sm\u011bru mechanick\u00e9ho nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed, a geometrie krystalu.<\/p>\n

Faktory ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed efektivitu generov\u00e1n\u00ed elekt\u0159iny<\/p>\n

Efektivita generov\u00e1n\u00ed elekt\u0159iny piezoelektrick\u00fdmi krystaly je ovlivn\u011bna \u0159adou parametr\u016f. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 faktory zahrnuj\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Faktor<\/th>\nVliv na efektivitu generov\u00e1n\u00ed elekt\u0159iny<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Typ materi\u00e1lu<\/strong><\/td>\nR\u016fzn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly vykazuj\u00ed r\u016fznou piezoelektrickou odezvu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Velikost a tvar krystalu<\/strong><\/td>\nV\u011bt\u0161\u00ed krystaly obecn\u011b generuj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed. Tvar ovliv\u0148uje efektivitu p\u0159enosu s\u00edly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sm\u011br mechanick\u00e9ho nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>\nOptim\u00e1ln\u00ed sm\u011br z\u00e1vis\u00ed na krystalov\u00e9 struktu\u0159e.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Frekvence nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>\nVysok\u00e9 frekvence mohou v\u00e9st k vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu v\u00fdkonu, ale z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na rezonan\u010dn\u00edch vlastnostech materi\u00e1lu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Teplota<\/strong><\/td>\nTeplota ovliv\u0148uje piezoelektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti n\u011bkter\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Aplikace piezokrystal\u016f v generov\u00e1n\u00ed energie<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00e9 gener\u00e1tory nach\u00e1zej\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9m spektru aplikac\u00ed, od mal\u00fdch senzor\u016f po v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed energetick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my. Nap\u0159\u00edklad se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v senzorick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, kde se mal\u00e1 mechanick\u00e1 energie (nap\u0159. vibrace) transformuje na elektrickou energii pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed senzor\u016f. Dal\u0161\u00ed aplikace zahrnuj\u00ed gener\u00e1tory energie z lidsk\u00fdch pohyb\u016f (nap\u0159. v obuvi nebo oble\u010den\u00ed), sb\u011br energie z vibrac\u00ed stroj\u016f nebo z proud\u011bn\u00ed tekutin. V oblasti ultrazvuku, nap\u0159. u syst\u00e9m\u016f Beijing Ultrasonic, se piezokrystaly vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln, ale i pro jejich detekci, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e je \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 konverze mechanick\u00e9 a elektrick\u00e9 energie.<\/p>\n

Piezokrystaly p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed efektivn\u00ed a spolehliv\u00fd zdroj energie pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 aplikace, a s dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdvojem materi\u00e1lov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 jejich \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed v budoucnu. Zlep\u0161en\u00ed efektivity a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f by d\u00e1le roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo jejich mo\u017enosti v oblasti generov\u00e1n\u00ed energie z mechanick\u00fdch vibrac\u00ed a deformac\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Piezokrystalick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed oblast fyziky a materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 v\u011bdy, nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch technologi\u00edch. Jednou z jejich kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed je piezoelektrick\u00fd jev, d\u00edky n\u011bmu\u017e mohou generovat elekt\u0159inu v reakci na mechanick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se detailn\u011bji zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na mechanismus tohoto jevu a proces generov\u00e1n\u00ed elekt\u0159iny v piezokrystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech. Struktura a vlastnosti piezokrystal\u016f Piezokrystaly, typicky<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18714,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-63371","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63371","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=63371"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63371\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18714"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=63371"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=63371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}