{"id":63441,"date":"2022-06-11T22:39:30","date_gmt":"2022-06-12T03:39:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/basics-of-piezo-technology\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:01:45","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:01:45","slug":"basics-of-piezo-technology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/basics-of-piezo-technology\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezoelektrick\u00e1 technologie: z\u00e1klady a principy"},"content":{"rendered":"

Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev, objeven\u00fd v roce 1880 bratry Curieov\u00fdmi, je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Tyto materi\u00e1ly, po stla\u010den\u00ed nebo nata\u017een\u00ed, generuj\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed. Naopak, kdy\u017e se na n\u011b p\u0159ilo\u017e\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 pole, m\u011bn\u00ed sv\u016fj tvar. Tento vz\u00e1jemn\u00fd vztah mezi mechanick\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm a elektrick\u00fdm polem je z\u00e1kladem piezoelektrick\u00e9 technologie, kter\u00e1 nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oborech. Poj\u010fme se podrobn\u011bji pod\u00edvat na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy a aplikace t\u00e9to technologie.<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt: princip a mechanismy<\/p>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt je zalo\u017een na asymetrick\u00e9 krystalov\u00e9 struktu\u0159e n\u011bkter\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Kdy\u017e je takov\u00fd materi\u00e1l mechanicky nam\u00e1h\u00e1n, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k posunu iont\u016f v krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece, co\u017e vede k tvorb\u011b elektrick\u00e9ho dip\u00f3lov\u00e9ho momentu a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9mu vzniku elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje na povrchu materi\u00e1lu. Tento efekt je reverzibiln\u00ed \u2013 aplikac\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho pole se m\u011bn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti mezi ionty a doch\u00e1z\u00ed k mechanick\u00e9 deformaci materi\u00e1lu. S\u00edla tohoto efektu z\u00e1vis\u00ed na typu materi\u00e1lu, jeho orientaci a velikosti aplikovan\u00e9 s\u00edly\/nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Materi\u00e1l<\/th>\nPiezoelektrick\u00e1 konstanta (pC\/N)<\/th>\nAplikace<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
K\u0159emen (kvarc)<\/td>\n2.3<\/td>\nHodiny, filtry, senzory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
PZT (keramika)<\/td>\n150 – 700<\/td>\nAk\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny, senzory, ultrazvukov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BaTiO\u2083 (titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd)<\/td>\n100 – 200<\/td>\nKondenz\u00e1tory, senzory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Druhy piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/p>\n

Existuje \u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed sv\u00fdmi vlastnostmi a aplikacemi. Nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly zahrnuj\u00ed:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed piezoelektrika:<\/strong> K\u0159emen (kvarc) je p\u0159\u00edkladem p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho piezoelektrick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Vyzna\u010duje se vysokou stabilitou a p\u0159esnost\u00ed, ale jeho piezoelektrick\u00e1 konstanta je relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1.<\/li>\n
  • Keramick\u00e9 piezoelektrika:<\/strong> PZT (olov\u011bno-zirkonato-titani\u010dit\u00e1 keramika) je nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed typ keramick\u00e9ho piezoelektrika. Nab\u00edz\u00ed vysokou piezoelektrickou konstantu a je relativn\u011b levn\u00fd.<\/li>\n
  • Polymern\u00ed piezoelektrika:<\/strong> Polymern\u00ed piezoelektrika, jako je polyvinylidenfluorid (PVDF), se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed flexibilitou a n\u00edzkou hustotou.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Aplikace piezoelektrick\u00e9 technologie<\/p>\n

    Piezoelektrick\u00e1 technologie nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oborech, v\u010detn\u011b:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Senzory:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 senzory se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku, zrychlen\u00ed, s\u00edly a dal\u0161\u00edch fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch veli\u010din.<\/li>\n
    • Ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v mikromanipula\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech, inkoustov\u00fdch tisk\u00e1rn\u00e1ch a ultrazvukov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch. V oblasti ultrazvuku, nap\u0159\u00edklad u za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed od Beijing Ultrasonic, se piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k generaci a detekci ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln.<\/li>\n
    • Gener\u00e1tory energie:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 gener\u00e1tory energie vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed mechanick\u00e9 vibrace k produkci elektrick\u00e9 energie. Tato technologie m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed v senzorov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00edch a nositeln\u00e9 elektronice.<\/li>\n
    • Ultrazvukov\u00e1 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong> Piezoelektrick\u00e9 prvky jsou nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 diagnostice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody piezoelektrick\u00e9 technologie<\/p>\n

      V\u00fdhody:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Vysok\u00e1 citlivost a p\u0159esnost<\/li>\n
      • Kompaktn\u00ed rozm\u011bry<\/li>\n
      • Snadn\u00e1 integrace do syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/li>\n
      • \u0160irok\u00fd rozsah pracovn\u00edch frekvenc\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Nev\u00fdhody:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • N\u00edzk\u00e1 mechanick\u00e1 pevnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/li>\n
        • Citlivost na teplotu a vlhkost<\/li>\n
        • Omezen\u00e1 \u017eivotnost u n\u011bkter\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Piezoelektrick\u00e1 technologie p\u0159edstavuje d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd n\u00e1stroj v mnoha oblastech v\u011bdy a techniky. Jej\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la aplikac\u00ed, od p\u0159esn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u017e po generov\u00e1n\u00ed energie, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o jej\u00ed v\u0161estrannosti a potenci\u00e1lu pro dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj a inovace. Pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum v oblasti nov\u00fdch piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a konstrukc\u00ed d\u00e1le roz\u0161i\u0159uje mo\u017enosti t\u00e9to fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed technologie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Piezoelektrick\u00fd jev, objeven\u00fd v roce 1880 bratry Curieov\u00fdmi, je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Tyto materi\u00e1ly, po stla\u010den\u00ed nebo nata\u017een\u00ed, generuj\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed. Naopak, kdy\u017e se na n\u011b p\u0159ilo\u017e\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 pole, m\u011bn\u00ed sv\u016fj tvar. Tento vz\u00e1jemn\u00fd vztah mezi mechanick\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm a elektrick\u00fdm polem je z\u00e1kladem piezoelektrick\u00e9 technologie, kter\u00e1 nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oborech. Poj\u010fme<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1556,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-63441","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63441","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=63441"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63441\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1556"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63441"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=63441"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=63441"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}