{"id":63451,"date":"2022-06-09T19:06:11","date_gmt":"2022-06-10T00:06:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/piezoelectricity-basics\/"},"modified":"2025-01-27T06:14:57","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T11:14:57","slug":"piezoelectricity-basics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/piezoelectricity-basics\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezoelekt\u0159ina: Z\u00e1klady, principy a vyu\u017eit\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Piezoelekt\u0159ina je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed jev, kter\u00fd spojuje mechanick\u00e9 a elektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti ur\u010dit\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy piezoelekt\u0159iny, jej\u00ed vlastnosti a praktick\u00e9 aplikace. Pro pochopen\u00ed tohoto fenom\u00e9nu je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit vz\u00e1jemnou interakci mechanick\u00e9ho nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed a elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje v piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech.<\/p>\n

Mechanismus piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu<\/h3>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt popisuje vznik elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje v krystalick\u00e9 struktu\u0159e materi\u00e1lu v reakci na mechanick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed (nap\u0159. tlak, tah, smykov\u00e9 s\u00edly). Tento efekt je reverzibiln\u00ed \u2013 aplikov\u00e1n\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho pole na piezoelektrick\u00fd materi\u00e1l zp\u016fsob\u00ed jeho mechanickou deformaci (piezoelektrick\u00fd inverzn\u00ed efekt). Na molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed \u00farovni je tento jev zp\u016fsoben asymetrick\u00fdm rozlo\u017een\u00edm n\u00e1boje v krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece. Kdy\u017e je krystal mechanicky deformov\u00e1n, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k posunu iont\u016f v m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece a v\u00fdsledkem je vznik elektrick\u00e9ho dip\u00f3lov\u00e9ho momentu. Sou\u010det t\u011bchto dip\u00f3l\u016f pak vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed makroskopick\u00fd elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj na povrchu materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

Druhy piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/h3>\n

Existuje \u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la materi\u00e1l\u016f vykazuj\u00edc\u00edch piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt. Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi jsou keramick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd (BaTiO\u2083) a zirkon\u00e1t olovnat\u00fd titani\u010dit\u00fd (PZT). PZT je zn\u00e1m\u00fd svou vysokou piezoelektrickou konstantou a \u0161irok\u00fdm rozsahem aplikac\u00ed. Krom\u011b keramiky se piezoelektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti vyskytuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 u n\u011bkter\u00fdch polymer\u016f (nap\u0159. PVDF) a kompozitn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Volba materi\u00e1lu z\u00e1vis\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed aplikaci a po\u017eadovan\u00fdch vlastnostech, jako je citlivost, stabilita a pracovn\u00ed teplota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Materi\u00e1l<\/th>\nPiezoelektrick\u00e1 konstanta (pC\/N)<\/th>\nTeplotn\u00ed stabilita<\/th>\nAplikace<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Titan\u00e1t barnat\u00fd (BaTiO\u2083)<\/td>\n100-200<\/td>\nSt\u0159edn\u00ed<\/td>\nAk\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny, senzory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zirkon\u00e1t olovnat\u00fd titani\u010dit\u00fd (PZT)<\/td>\n100-1000<\/td>\nVysok\u00e1<\/td>\nAk\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny, senzory, ultrazvukov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Polyvinylidenfluorid (PVDF)<\/td>\n10-50<\/td>\nN\u00edzk\u00e1<\/td>\nSenzory, flexibiln\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Aplikace piezoelekt\u0159iny<\/h3>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech. V oblasti senzor\u016f se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku, zrychlen\u00ed, s\u00edly a dal\u0161\u00edch fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch veli\u010din. Piezoelektrick\u00e9 ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dleny se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v inkoustov\u00fdch tisk\u00e1rn\u00e1ch, mikromanipul\u00e1torech a ultrazvukov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch. Ultrazvukov\u00e9 aplikace zahrnuj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad ultrazvukovou diagnostiku v medic\u00edn\u011b, ultrazvukov\u00e9 \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a ultrazvukov\u00e9 sva\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad generov\u00e1n\u00ed ultrazvuku pro l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed, se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9, nap\u0159\u00edklad, spole\u010dnost\u00ed Beijing Ultrasonic, kter\u00e1 je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 svou kvalitou a spolehlivost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/h3>\n

Piezoelektrick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly nab\u00edzej\u00ed \u0159adu v\u00fdhod, jako je vysok\u00e1 citlivost, kompaktn\u00ed design a n\u00edzk\u00e1 spot\u0159eba energie. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, existuj\u00ed i \u200b\u200bn\u011bkter\u00e1 omezen\u00ed. Mezi nev\u00fdhody pat\u0159\u00ed relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1 mechanick\u00e1 pevnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a citlivost na teplotu a st\u00e1rnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee piezoelekt\u0159ina je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd jev s \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem aplikac\u00ed. Jej\u00ed pochopen\u00ed je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed a zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch aplikac\u00ed v mnoha pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch. Pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum v t\u00e9to oblasti p\u0159inese v budoucnu dal\u0161\u00ed inovativn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed jej\u00edch mo\u017enost\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Piezoelekt\u0159ina je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed jev, kter\u00fd spojuje mechanick\u00e9 a elektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti ur\u010dit\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy piezoelekt\u0159iny, jej\u00ed vlastnosti a praktick\u00e9 aplikace. Pro pochopen\u00ed tohoto fenom\u00e9nu je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit vz\u00e1jemnou interakci mechanick\u00e9ho nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed a elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje v piezoelektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech. Mechanismus piezoelektrick\u00e9ho efektu Piezoelektrick\u00fd efekt popisuje vznik elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje v krystalick\u00e9 struktu\u0159e<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18812,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6415],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-63451","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63451","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=63451"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63451\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18812"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63451"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=63451"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bjultrasonic.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=63451"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}